Christopher Columbus Essay -- History Columbus

Christopher Columbus is credited as the daring explorer who tested current reasoning and found the land presently known as the Americas. Columbus found new grounds, yet in addition opened exchange with local people groups and carried generous riches and greatness to the significant European forces. What's more his endeavors not just empowered the spread of the gospel to agnostic people groups, yet in addition set up for the rise of the United States of America. Without Christopher Columbus the United States would not have been a different state for more than 500 years or more or not in any way. In any case, regardless of all that Columbus peopled, despite everything neglect to perceive the excursion he attempted before Columbus set off in his first boat. The general population is as yet unfit to appreciate, in spite of long periods of training, the inward and outer battle and the derision Columbus had to experience for simply putting stock in what he thought was right. His fortitude even with deride is the thing that truly makes Columbus a national saint in that age just as in this period. Christopher Columbus’ demonstrations of persistence, his ethical fearlessness, and his courageous soul keep on rousing the individuals of today. Through this intercourse, Christopher Columbus’ work has not finished, for it is consistent as it perseveres to pervade the individuals of today with the capacity to prevail notwithstanding an obscure future. (Philips 13) Christopher Columbus’ constancy and determination have for quite some time been a piece of the way of thinking of current reasoning. Columbus showed high demonstrations of tirelessness as he rode the rushes of vulnerability to the place where there is achievement. At the point when Columbus looked for crowd with King of Portugal in 1485, he was humiliatingly denied subsidizing for his proposed plan to cruise west to get to India. On the off chance that, Columbus had g... ... the different qualities that Columbus gave to us. Works Cited 123Holiday. Christopher Columbus Biography. Columbus Day. Microsoft Encarta, 23 May 2003. Web. 27 Nov. 2010. . Cohen, J.M. (1969) The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus: Being His Own Log-Book, Letters and Dispatches with Connecting Narrative Drawn from the Life of the Admiral by His Son Hernando Colon and Others. London UK: Penguin Classics. Davidson, Miles H. (1997) Columbus Then and Now: A Life Reexamined, Norman and London, University of Oklahoma Press. Khurana, Simran. Citations: Hope. Quotes Quotations. 2001. Web. 27 Nov. 2010. . Phillips, W. D. what's more, C. R. Phillips (1992) The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.

Womans Rights free essay sample

Through the span of the most recent 200 years women’s jobs have experienced various political and social changes. From having practically no â€Å"control over their own lives† (Applebee) to picking up balance in the political and social fields, the verifiable investigation of ladies in the United States is one without examination. In the right on time to mid 1800’s ladies assumed an insignificant job throughout everyday life. They had little instruction; after marriage they were to remain at home and just do housework. They couldn't cast a ballot, be a piece of the jury, had little training, and no work. In 1836, the principal ladies abolitionists showed up: Sarah and Angelina Emily Grimke. Angelina composed An Appeal to Christian Women of the South. This called upon ladies to oust this shocking arrangement of persecution and savagery. Not many men upheld their development. The following development was the Temperance Movement. This development was the push to forbid the drinking of liquor. We will compose a custom article test on Womans Rights or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In the nineteenth century; liquor was utilized for everything except for not many individuals considered tipsiness to be an issue; yet, those behind the moderation development did. â€Å"They held assemblies, delivered leaflets, and achieved a decrease in utilization of liquor that would proceed into the 1860s† (Bowes). Young ladies had not many training openings; it was said â€Å"if ladies knew science enough to have ‘the water bubble in a pot’ was sufficient for women† (Bowes). The first women’s school was opened in 1821. In 1837 advanced education was offered for ladies. African American ladies were constrained out of schools and a few schools were closed down on the off chance that they gave instruction to dark ladies. Towards the mid nineteenth century, instructed ladies started wellbeing changes. Research found that for each four ladies three were sick and one was sound. The tight, multi-layered garments and blistering climate made it undesirable for ladies. It was suggested that the ladies wear looser garments; men were shocked and rebuffed when ladies started to wear pants. Women’s rights rose in the mid nineteenth century. Many change developments took care of the development of the women’s development. It gave ladies expanded chances to act outside their homes. The first women’s rights show was held in New York; it was named Seneca Falls. About 300 ladies and men assembled at Wesleyan Methodist Church. Lucy Stone’s sister wrote,â€Å"I can’t vote, yet what care I for that, I would not on the off chance that I could† (Bowes). The Sojourner Truth was the following represent women’s rights. The conditions for slaves intensified, so Isabella Baumfree took the name Sojourner Truth. She chose to visit or travel around the nation getting the message out of abrogation. She contended with others in women’s rights since she put stock in nullification. Truth won the contention with her discourse, which encouraged men to help women’s rights. During the 1960s, new women’s developments emerged with women's liberation. Women's liberation is â€Å"the conviction that ladies ought to have financial, political, and social fairness with men† (Bowes). This won women’s option to cast a ballot in 1920, however women’s rights declined after this accomplishment yet revived during the 1960s. During the 1950s one out of three ladies worked compensation, and women’s openings opened however they were still closed out. Womens occupations paid ineffectively, yet by 1960s ladies compensation expanded by 40 percent. Most employments for ladies were administrative work, household administration, retail deals, social work, educating, and nursing. Ladies were frequently pushed to the side until President Kennedy tended to the issue in 1961. â€Å"As the women’s rights developed, it accomplished amazing and suffering political and social increases for women† (Bowes). In 1963, Betty Friedan composed the book The Feminine Mystique, this book urged housewives to start meeting to talk about their lives and their jobs in the public eye. In 1966 a gathering was built up named National Organization for Women (NOW). This gathering of ladies battled for the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Their objective was â€Å"to make a move to get American ladies into full investment the standard of American culture now† (Cayton et al). They needed reasonable compensation and equivalent openings for work; they needed more parity in relationships. This was the quickest developing gathering in ladies rights. Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendments in 1972. This change expresses that ladies and men would have the equivalent and equivalent rights; this was supposed to be â€Å"simple justice† (Bowes). A Stop ERA crusade was begun in 1972. Phyllis Schlafly accepted that ERA would prompt a â€Å"parade of horribles,† like drafting ladies, laws securing homemakers, the finish of husband’s duty to accommodate their family, and same sex relationships. So as to dispose of ERA and master fetus removal supporters, traditionalists shaped the â€Å"pro-family† development or the New Right. The New Rights and Women’s Rights conflicted over ERA, yet by 1977 women’s rights had the endorsement of 35 of the 38 states required for the development. By 1982, ERA had went down tragically. In 1983, women’s rights held 13. 5 percent of chose state workplaces just as 24 seats in the United States Congress.

Dissertation Help - The Best Way to Go

Dissertation Help - The Best Way to GoIn my opinion dissertation help and submission is a necessity to the working academics. Without this service then academics would have no means of procuring research material for the making of a successful dissertation.However, as far as the students are concerned, the whole idea of having a dissertation is only possible if the student has some other means of securing material for his work. While the student is busy studying and his memory of the course material and related incidents would not be very clear, he will find it difficult to get hold of the required material for his dissertation. That is why in such a situation the student will seek dissertation help.The professional services of these service providers are really priceless. They offer unique knowledge and information on how to prepare and handle a dissertation. They also go the extra mile and also provide the necessary guidance, help and material to the students, while doing the work of dissertation writing. The level of knowledge is broad and deep and hence the students can benefit from it as well.The initial stage is the writing of the dissertation and then comes the process of preparing and submitting it. The services provided by these professional writers ensure that the whole procedure goes smoothly and also efficiently. As a matter of fact, the help provided by these writers is even required at times by the student himself as he finds it difficult to come up with an adequate dissertation for his work.Many students feel that the best way to get dissertation help is to take the help of professors and senior professors. This is not very true as a matter of fact. These professors are also required to write a dissertation which is of little importance. Their advice in writing the dissertation is really limited and of no use.There are many online services which help the students in this regard. These sites provide expert opinions, peer reviewed reviews and even suggest the manner inwhich the dissertation should be prepared. The student need not worry about the overall quality of the paper and can rely upon the expert opinions and views. It is like using the expertise of professors and the resourceful assistance of professionals for the benefit of the student.The best part is that these companies pay their writers to deliver top notch quality work and then the students can rely upon the knowledge, information and expertise they offer. The help they offer is of great use. The paper can be written effectively and quickly and the final product looks good too.These services are meant to help students attain a higher degree of academic performance and placement in jobs. Hence, the need for dissertation help has been taken care of.

How to Parse a Xml in Oracle Using Xpath with Xmltype - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 583 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Old school DOM ! Traditionally Xml parsing was doing using dom objects in Pl/Sql level. This method of parsing XMLs has significant performance hit, even if we left out the many loops that we have to go through to get a value of a single XML element. Enough of Dom, Lest see abut XMLtype. Oracle 9i and above has this new type of object which is capable of recognizing a XML document end to end. This is the link to the document. https://download. oracle. com/docs/cd/B10501_01/appdev. 920/a96620/xdb04cre. htm And if u don’t have time to read it your self I have red it and these are some available functions to extract values safely from a XML. And all the code you see is PLSQL 1. XML is represented as CLOB. Take the below XML as an example. The xml need (well there might be other ways too) to be provided as clob to the XML type constructor. l_clob CLOB := 123456789 AIR USA123 1 2 3 2 DUPLEX_VERTICAL EMAIL [emailprotected] com Don’t Write Blog Posts at work Please do not do any thing other than work while you are at work [emailprotected] com OTHER SMS Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How to Parse a Xml in Oracle Using Xpath with Xmltype" essay for you Create order SMS_SENDER1 ’;2. Lest Start the fire. Creating XML object. xml_object SYS. Xmltype; xml_object:=sys. xmltype. createXML(l_clob);3. Accessing a value of a XML element. If you do this in the proper safe way this is actually three steps. Here are the steps. Check if the Item that you are trying to access exits. Check if the value on the item is not Null. Access the value. IF ( xml_object. existsNode(/ROOT_TAG/HOTLINE) = 1 ) THEN IF( xml_object. extract(/ROOT_TAG/HOTLINE/text()) IS NOT NULL ) THEN xml_data_str := xml_object. xtract(/ROOT_TAG/HOTLINE/text()). getStringval(); END IF; END IF; The xml_object. existsNode just checks whether the element specified in the Xpath exists. If so returns Scalar 1. Then the code checks whether the element is null or not, this step may looks like redundant but this is needed for a cleaner code. Then the . getStringval() returns the String value. In the best case only the 3rd step in enough but†¦ all the 1st and 2nd lines for a more dependab le code. 4. Accessing reparative set of Items and fetching the values. Point here to note is you can access the specific Item of a repetitive list of items using an index. Index starts at 1†¦. xml_data_str := xml_object. extract(/ROOT_TAG/ITEM[1]/CHANNEL/text()). getStringval() ; xml_data_str := xml_object. extract(/ROOT_TAG/ITEM[2]/CHANNEL/text()). getStringval() ; xml_data_str := xml_object. extract(/ROOT_TAG/ITEM[3]/CHANNEL/text()). getStringval() ;The above code will return the channel of the first Item,second,third. U can always write a loop by incrementing the Index vale and access all the item. 5. Checking if a Specific Item with a specific vale exists. IF ( xml_object. existsNode(/ROOT_TAG/ITEM[CHANNEL=PRINTER]) = 1 ) THEN †¦. END IF:Above code only checks whether I item with the channel == â€Å"PRINTER† exists†¦ simple. these â€Å". existsNode† checks can be very useful when you are searching a value of a frequently changing XML. if other methods such as â€Å"extract† hits a null element you will endup with an exception, so always use â€Å"existNode† to before accessing the values. this is a very basic. but very frequently used set of xml extraction stuff. read the doc people..

Baseball, America s Pastime - 2009 Words

Baseball is referred to as â€Å"America’s Pastime.† Many people argue it is one of the hardest sports to succeed in. Out of the four major sports in the United States, hitting a 95 mile per hour fastball is a goal only few can accomplish at a professional level. With only 750 players throughout 30 Major League Baseball (MLB) teams, the odds of making it to â€Å"The Show† are highly unlikely. To make it to the big leagues as an African American player was an even harder feat to accomplish in the mid to late 1900’s. Baseballs Greatest Experiment tells the story of how MLB was an all white mans game up until the death of Commissioner Kennesaw Mountain Landis in 1944. Team owners and the commissioner did not want to integrate African Americans into the MLB; â€Å"some experts argued that the absence of blacks in the majors stemmed from their lack of talent, intelligence and desire† ( Tygiel, 32). Since Jackie Robinson overcame many obstacles, baseba ll players and fans alike can argue that he paved the way for African Americans in baseball and challenged societal social structure. As African Americans started to make names for themselves in other sports such as the boxer Joe Louis, people questioned why African Americans were not allowed to play baseball. Tygiel brought it to attention that, â€Å" the emergence of Joe Louis as the world heavyweight boxing champion and a national hero led many American’s to re-evaluate their prejudices† ( Tygiel, 35). As African American boxers started beatingShow MoreRelatedBaseball Is America s Pastime2072 Words   |  9 Pages Baseball is America’s pastime. Thousands of fans every season gather in stadiums nationwide to watch as players take the diamond. People of all ages have a love for baseball, after all it is the all American sport. Baseball was loved by millions until one day when the truth came out. The 1919 World Series had been rigged. Hearts were broken and sadness spread across America. These crooked people didn’t intentionally try to ruin baseball but there were reasons why these men went astray. People didn’tRead MoreBaseball Is America s Pastime2754 Words   |  12 Pages The United States has long been known to have a pastime. That pastime is known as baseball. While there are other major sports in the United States, baseball is America’s pastime. This starts when father and son go outside and play catch. This continues when the son begins to play little league baseball, both father and son dreaming of playing in the World Series one day. For most boys, the dream ends in high school. For those talented enough, the dream may continue through college. For theRead MoreBaseball Is America s Pastime1064 Words   |  5 PagesBaseball is America’s pastime. Baseball is a sport that is played with a bat, glove, and a baseball. The sport is popular worldwide. Countries around the world have developed their own leagues and have created teams in the leagues to play against each other. The age group for baseball players range from the ages of 5 to about 65. Some leagues are created with age restrictions on them so that play levels can be fair. For example, 5 years olds playing together would be more fair than an 18 year oldRead MoreBaseball : America s Pastime869 Words   |  4 PagesBaseball; America’s pastime. The history of the game is just as much a part of America’s story as the Liberty Bell. There is no place that history is preserved more than the small town of 1,800 residents, Cooperstown, NY; home of the National B aseball Hall of Fame. Since 1936, the Hall of Fame has immortalized 215 of the most revered men to ever grace a ball diamond. Nearly every era of the game is depicted; with names like Cobb, Ruth, DiMaggio, Williams, and Mantle forever having their likenessRead MoreBaseball Is America s National Pastime976 Words   |  4 Pagesargument over which sport is originally Americas national past time is as enduring and intense as American sports themselves. Each and every week millions of people tune in to watch their favorite sports being played. Over the years baseball has traditionally been known as the national pastime among all sports, but the rich tradition and history behind baseball is still around and noticed, with that being said, baseball is still referred to as America’s national pastime. This can be attributed to many factorsRead MoreBaseball : America s Pastime Of The Past1255 Words   |  6 PagesBaseball: America’s Pastime of the Past A pastime is a hobby that is performed in someone’s spare time. The term America’s pastime is something that the entire nation enjoys and participates in. Since its creation, baseball has taken the top spot as the nation’s favorite recreation. For generations it filled the homes of Americans whether it be via television, conversation, or participation. Families would travel together to their local baseball stadium and root for the home team. KidsRead MoreAmerica s National Pastime Of Baseball Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesSince its grand entry in the 19th century, baseball has evolved to be one of the most popular sport nationally and to be known as America’s national pastime. This multibillion dollar industry attracts millions of fans worldwide throughout different regions. The origin of baseball is believed to have evolved from a ball-and-bat game called Seker-Hemant played by ancient Egyptians dating as far back as 2,500 BCE. Fast-forwardi ng time, modern day baseball began with the formation of the Cincinnati RedRead MoreBaseball And Its Impact On America s National Pastime Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesSince its grand entry in the 19th century, baseball has evolved to be one of the most popular sport nationally and to be known as America’s national pastime. This multibillion dollar industry attracts millions of fans worldwide throughout different regions. The origin of baseball is believed to have evolved from a ball-and-bat game called Seker-Hemant played by ancient Egyptians dating as far back as 2,500 BCE. Fast-forwarding time, modern day baseball began with the formation of the Cincinnati RedRead MoreThe Sport Of Baseball : America s Favorite Pastime1093 Words   |  5 PagesThe sport of baseball, otherwise known as â€Å"America’s favorite pastime†, has reportedly been around since the 17th century. It has had its ups and downs like every other sport, but the crazy history of how it came about is quite extensive. Having to find new players that no one would think of to play and eventually having the first ever World Series; the sport has changed throughout time. The beginning of baseball can be accredited to Thomas Wilson who was a conformist leader in England. WilsonRead MoreMajor League Baseball : America s Pastime1824 Words   |  8 PagesMajor League Baseball is known as â€Å"America’s Pastime†. The human element in the game makes it exciting and unpredictable. Baseball remains, as it should, as an un-digitalized and an untimed sport. In 2014, Major League Baseball expanded the instant replay allowed challenges from solely home-run challenges, to almost everything, excluding only the calls on balls and strikes. Fans’ request was one of the reasons this was done. Another reason was there had been a handful of bad calls by umpires,

Civil Society in Russia Free Essays

string(104) " religious activists from many of the constituent republics of the USSR Transition period to our times\." Introduction. The term â€Å"civil society† in Russia is rarely referred to something other than to the civic organisations and movements created during and after the break-up of the Soviet Union (start of the 1990’s). Never the less this paper will look at the â€Å"civil society† term in Russia more widely and insidely. We will write a custom essay sample on Civil Society in Russia or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will talk more and discuss about our time â€Å"civil society†, which came in in the end of the 90’s with the Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin’s ascension on the presidency. Putin re-established a top-down order in Russia and has proved to be quite antagonistic both to Western foreign policy and to pro-Western civil society groups. However, both capitalism and multiparty democracy continued their uncertain paths in Russia through the last decade. After two terms as president, Putin handed over to Dmitri Medvedev and therefore he built a so called monopoly in the hidden â€Å"Dictatorship† in the Russian political sphere. Total domination until the unability of being the ruling force of the country will come in but even then he has a cut back plan of Medvedev and some later chosen candidate, that will help Medvedev make same what Putin did, with getting the presidentship back in his hands as soon as possible. Looking to the future, the paper highlights two main trends. First, the continuation of Russia’s tradition of civic and political activism, seen most dramatically in the mass demonstrations in Moscow and other cities. Second, the major steps made by CSOs and local government in implementing social partnership, with new funds from the state that both replace and build on the contributions of foreign donors during 1995-2005. History. The beginnings of Russian civil society. The first stage (1760-1860) flows out of Catherine the Great’s reforms to the Russian estates and was characterized by the creation of public organizations related to science, literature, the arts, leisure and charitable activities. These included famous and influential associations like the Russian Geographical Society, the Free Economics Society, the Moscow Agricultural Society, the Russian Technical Society, and the Pirogov’s Association of Russian Doctors. These societies were set up with hopes for friendly cooperation with the Tsarist authorities and in the second half of the 19th century their members played a key role lobbying for social and legal reform. Civil society growth under Tsarism. Russia’s second stage of civil society development began with the Great Reforms ushered in by Tsar Alexander II in the 1860s. Serfdom was abolished, basic civil rights were established in law, and the first steps taken in the creation of a local government system. CSOs expanded gradually, became more professional, and began to provide educational and health support to vulnerable groups across the country. At the same time industrialization and urbanization gathered pace in Russia. The extension of the railway system across Siberia to the Pacific was one of the most dramatic examples of this in the late 19th century. Though ,the development of capitalist relations in the economy was not mirrored by political changes. The period of reforms gave way to a new period of repression and political stagnation, and the state was challenged by increasingly radical political forces such as the Popularitists(Narodniki) with their â€Å"to the people† movement, culminating in the 1905 revolution. Many voluntary associations were radicalized too (including almost all the scientific societies noted above). Significantly, the only law passed in Tsarist time devoted to public organizations was issued by the Senate in the  immediate aftermath of the first Russian Revolution, in March 1906. In the next few years, almost 5,000 new organizations, societies and unions were registered. However, once again this reforming, liberalizing movement ran into opposition from the state and with the crisis that was brought into the country because of the participation and taking a huge part and playing important role in World War I. Civil society in the Soviet period. The Soviet period (1917 to the mid-1980s) is the third stage in Russia’s civil society development, notable for the â€Å"nationalization of civil society institutions†. Again, there were stages when popular activity flowered. The Soviet arts, cultural and scientific avant-garde of the 1920s is well known, but less well known are the local movements, peasants’ and proletarian organizations that emerged all around the country. For example, every settlement/district had its own Peasant Mutual Society and the Central Bureau catered to the welfare needs of students much as voluntary associations had done before the revolution. However, in the 1930s this phase gave way to a period of repression and political regimentation – occasioned by the Soviet government’s decision to forcibly collectivize agriculture and go for rapid industrialization. This â€Å"required state-oriented CSOs which were to drive the foundation of socialism†. The voluntary associations created in the 1920s â€Å"offered alternative ways of solving social problems† but the authorities â€Å"doubted the utility of voluntary movements and the reliability of their participants.† Thousands were shut down in the 1930s and new associations set up in their stead, as part of the government machine. It was not until the late 1950s-early 1960s that citizens’ organizations of a less politicized type began to re-emerge, encouraged by Kruschev’s denunciation of Stalin and the political though that followed. Russian analysts have identified about 40 of these, operating mainly within the arts and scientific fields under the patronage of Communist Party bodies and subject to the latter’s decisions on policy and personnel matters. By the Brezhnev period, associations were active among groups as varied as war veterans, professional designers and those involved in child welfare. Civil society now included the dissident  movement. Dissidents developed various modes of resistance to the Soviet state – writing and publishing artistic or journalistic critiques of the regime, creating a variety of informal circles and discussion groups, and making statements on political and human rights issues that brought down considerable persecution on themselves. But they had many sympathizers and considerable impact on the political atmosphere in the country and its reputation abroad. The dissident movement included not only western-leaning liberals, but also strident nationalists and religious activists from many of the constituent republics of the USSR Transition period to our times. â€Å"Civil society† played a huge role in dissident ideology in Eastern Europe and the USSR in the 1980s. When the communist regimes collapsed one after the other it seemed to many people that an entirely new society was being born. Many different analyses of â€Å"newly-created† civil society in the region were built around this view. Twenty years later and with the benefit of new historical research, most experts in the region see things differently. The current stage of civil society development in Russia is a fourth stage, starting in the mid-1980s and continuing to the present day. The movement for perestroika and glasnost led by Gorbachev was designed to solve the USSR’s pressing economic crisis (caused by the arms race and economic competition with the West) and to shore up the legitimacy of one-party rule. But it led instead to the collapse of the communist system. Many of the most active civil society sectors today can trace their origins to the 1980s – not just the human rights groups, but also the environmental movement with its active networks among young people and in the regions. The adoption of a law on public associations in the late soviet period, supported by subsequent Russian Federation laws regulating public and charitable activity, opened the door to CSO registration for all-comers. However, under Yeltsin’s successor Putin, the environment for civil society changed significantly. On the one hand, Putin accelerated a process initiated under Yeltsin –government financing of the sector (mainly via contracting out social services to CSOs), and set up a national structure of Public Councils to dialogue with and co-opt the sector. On the other hand,  in 2006 he introduced regulations limiting the influence of foreign donors. The study’s authors call this policy â€Å"import substitution†; the replacement of foreign models and funding by national programs, self-organization and local philanthropy. Russian civil society today. General features of the sector After two decades of transition, analysts of current developments in Russia are beginning to gain a balanced view of the civil society sector. Civil society in Russia, is showing more attention to the detail, shows that elements of continuity and change, tradition and innovation, exist alongside one another. Here is what I can say on that theme: †¢ civil society activists today are â€Å"a strong minority of citizens† who deserve more support †¢ Informal networks are important for civil society, especially in rural areas because they include a large membership and their ability and readiness to provide vital daily services, plus often good links with government †¢ Foreign funding has had a positive effect in many areas (for example, it helped open up dialogue on many issues like feminism, domestic violence and others) †¢ Mafia-type groupings have had a powerful and negative effect at all levels in Russia – even â€Å"co-opting the role of civil society† †¢ The millionaires or â€Å"oligarchs† that emerged during the 1990s preferred not to work through formal or wider business associations; hence they contributed little to civil society development. So Russia surely has a civil society. The question is how to develop it further, from local to national level. Here is some thoughts on that part because there are many different opinions from different experts on that note. I will try to suggest the best possible ways of improving it and making in stronger and more vulnerable to what tries to hurt it. †¢ Civic engagement: the level of public activity in stable periods is moderate, but CSOs have shown they can mobilize quickly when the external situation demands †¢ Level of organization: Russian civil society is still in a difficult period of organizational development †¢ Practice of values: CSO members and activists refer to non-violence, tolerance and internal democracy as being among the most important for the sector †¢ Perception of impact: the general image of civil society is not equal from internal and external points of view. CSOs themselves rate their social and political impact as higher than the scores given by external experts †¢ External environment: the majority of the population do not approve of corruption, tax evasion, and so on. These positive social attitudes could potentially act as a catalyst for further civil society development. †¢Consultative mechanisms. Set up by Putin in 2004, the national Public Chamber has 126 members, selected in equal numbers by the President, public organizations, and Russia’s regions. The aim was to develop the space for civil society and intersectional dialogue. Gradually, this model has been extended across Russia. Critics said they would prove to be mere â€Å"window-dressing to legitimize the government’s increasingly authoritarian policies†, but at local level many NGO supporters have proved willing to give them a try. (A survey found that 60% of activists would participate if asked, while 16% wouldn’t, 181) In all of these developments, a clear gap can be seen between advanced and less advanced elements in civil society and government. The rural areas lag behind the cities, the remote regions lag behind the industrial centres. The character of political opposition to the regime is quite different in the regions. As the demonstrations of autumn 2011 and spring 2012 showed, present-day ‘dissidents’ in Moscow and St Petersburg tend to be middle-class, liberal and western-leaning. However, in the Urals and Siberia, many of the most strident activists are from the communist and nationalist camps. Conclusion and perspectives. In December 2011, Russia was admitted to WTO (18 years after first applying) and all that remained was for the Duma to ratify the agreement. In March 2012, Putin returned as President for a new seven-year term. Thus, for the alter-globalization movement as for other dissident forces, a new period of struggle lies ahead to win a greater degree of social and economic justice and a more democratic society in Russia. On the other hand, Putin has promised to priorities social issues and CSOs are well placed to work for  positive results in this area. This is a kind of â€Å"crossroads† for Russian civil society – will activists and organizations collaborate or conflict with government? None can say surely but it is likely that many will opt for the first of these strategies, so they face the challenge of how to resist incorporation and maintain their own agenda during the negotiations. Both the democracy and the alter-globalization movements face the challenge of how to coordinate their activities, combine different viewpoints, and communicate more effectively with the general public. The activists involved in social issues at local level have put energy and ideas into setting up grants contests, ensuring transparency in awarding contracts. Now they need to focus on the development, implementation and monitoring of longer term programs – whether carried out by NGOs or government itself. Only a truly independent position will enable them to work effectively in difficult areas like anti-corruption, anti-racism or the protection of minority rights. How to cite Civil Society in Russia, Papers Civil Society in Russia Free Essays string(104) " religious activists from many of the constituent republics of the USSR Transition period to our times\." The term â€Å"civil society† in Russia is rarely referred to something other than to the civic organisations and movements created during and after the break-up of the Soviet Union (start of the 1990’s). Never the less this paper will look at the â€Å"civil society† term in Russia more widely and insidely. I will talk more and discuss about our time â€Å"civil society†, which came in in the end of the 90’s with the Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin’s ascension on the presidency. We will write a custom essay sample on Civil Society in Russia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Putin re-established a top-down order in Russia and has proved to be quite antagonistic both to Western foreign policy and to pro-Western civil society groups. However, both capitalism and multiparty democracy continued their uncertain paths in Russia through the last decade. After two terms as president, Putin handed over to Dmitri Medvedev and therefore he built a so called monopoly in the hidden â€Å"Dictatorship† in the Russian political sphere. Total domination until the unability of being the ruling force of the country will come in but even then he has a cut back plan of Medvedev and some later chosen candidate, that will help Medvedev make same what Putin did, with getting the presidentship back in his hands as soon as possible. Looking to the future, the paper highlights two main trends. First, the continuation of Russia’s tradition of civic and political activism, seen most dramatically in the mass demonstrations in Moscow and other cities. Second, the major steps made by CSOs and local government in implementing social partnership, with new funds from the state that both replace and build on the contributions of foreign donors during 1995-2005. History. The beginnings of Russian civil society. The first stage (1760-1860) flows out of Catherine the Great’s reforms to the Russian estates and was characterized by the creation of public organizations related to science, literature, the arts, leisure and charitable activities. These included famous and influential associations like the Russian Geographical Society, the Free Economics Society, the Moscow Agricultural Society, the Russian Technical Society, and the Pirogov’s Association of Russian Doctors. These societies were set up with hopes for friendly cooperation with the Tsarist authorities and in the second half of the 19th century their members played a key role lobbying for social and legal reform. Civil society growth under Tsarism. Russia’s second stage of civil society development began with the Great Reforms ushered in by Tsar Alexander II in the 1860s. Serfdom was abolished, basic civil rights were established in law, and the first steps taken in the creation of a local government system. CSOs expanded gradually, became more professional, and began to provide educational and health support to vulnerable groups across the country. At the same time industrialization and urbanization gathered pace in Russia. The extension of the railway system across Siberia to the Pacific was one of the most dramatic examples of this in the late 19th century. Though ,the development of capitalist relations in the economy was not mirrored by political changes. The period of reforms gave way to a new period of repression and political stagnation, and the state was challenged by increasingly radical political forces such as the Popularitists(Narodniki) with their â€Å"to the people† movement, culminating in the 1905 revolution. Many voluntary associations were radicalized too (including almost all the scientific societies noted above). Significantly, the only law passed in Tsarist time devoted to public organizations was issued by the Senate in the immediate aftermath of the first Russian Revolution, in March 1906. In the next few years, almost 5,000 new organizations, societies and unions were registered. However, once again this reforming, liberalizing movement ran into opposition from the state and with the crisis that was brought into the country because of the participation and taking a huge part and playing important role in World War I. Civil society in the Soviet period. The Soviet period (1917 to the mid-1980s) is the third stage in Russia’s civil society development, notable for the â€Å"nationalization of civil society institutions†. Again, there were stages when popular activity flowered. The Soviet arts, cultural and scientific avant-garde of the 1920s is well known, but less well known are the local movements, peasants’ and proletarian organizations that emerged all around the country. For example, every settlement/district had its own Peasant Mutual Society and the Central Bureau catered to the welfare needs of students much as voluntary associations had done before the revolution. However, in the 1930s this phase gave way to a period of repression and political regimentation – occasioned by the Soviet government’s decision to forcibly collectivize agriculture and go for rapid industrialization. This â€Å"required state-oriented CSOs which were to drive the foundation of socialism†. The voluntary associations created in the 1920s â€Å"offered alternative ways of solving social problems† but the authorities â€Å"doubted the utility of voluntary movements and the reliability of their participants. † Thousands were shut down in the 1930s and new associations set up in their stead, as part of the government machine. It was not until the late 1950s-early 1960s that citizens’ organizations of a less politicized type began to re-emerge, encouraged by Kruschev’s denunciation of Stalin and the political though that followed. Russian analysts have identified about 40 of these, operating mainly within the arts and scientific fields under the patronage of Communist Party bodies and subject to the latter’s decisions on policy and personnel matters. By the Brezhnev period, associations were active among groups as varied as war veterans, professional designers and those involved in child welfare. Civil society now included the dissident  movement. Dissidents developed various modes of resistance to the Soviet state – writing and publishing artistic or journalistic critiques of the regime, creating a variety of informal circles and discussion groups, and making statements on political and human rights issues that brought down considerable persecution on themselves. But they had many sympathizers and considerable impact on the political atmosphere in the country and its reputation abroad. The dissident movement included not only western-leaning liberals, but also strident nationalists and religious activists from many of the constituent republics of the USSR Transition period to our times. â€Å"Civil society† played a huge role in dissident ideology in Eastern Europe and the USSR in the 1980s. When the communist regimes collapsed one after the other it seemed to many people that an entirely new society was being born. Many different analyses of â€Å"newly-created† civil society in the region were built around this view. Twenty years later and with the benefit of new historical research, most experts in the region see things differently. The current stage of civil society development in Russia is a fourth stage, starting in the mid-1980s and continuing to the present day. The movement for perestroika and glasnost led by Gorbachev was designed to solve the USSR’s pressing economic crisis (caused by the arms race and economic competition with the West) and to shore up the legitimacy of one-party rule. But it led instead to the collapse of the communist system. Many of the most active civil society sectors today can trace their origins to the 1980s – not just the human rights groups, but also the environmental movement with its active networks among young people and in the regions. The adoption of a law on public associations in the late soviet period, supported by subsequent Russian Federation laws regulating public and charitable activity, opened the door to CSO registration for all-comers. However, under Yeltsin’s successor Putin, the environment for civil society changed significantly. On the one hand, Putin accelerated a process initiated under Yeltsin –government financing of the sector (mainly via contracting out social services to CSOs), and set up a national structure of Public Councils to dialogue with and co-opt the sector. On the other hand,  in 2006 he introduced regulations limiting the influence of foreign donors. The study’s authors call this policy â€Å"import substitution†; the replacement of foreign models and funding by national programs, self-organization and local philanthropy. Russian civil society today. General features of the sector After two decades of transition, analysts of current developments in Russia are beginning to gain a balanced view of the civil society sector. Civil society in Russia, is showing more attention to the detail, shows that elements of continuity and change, tradition and innovation, exist alongside one another. Here is what I can say on that theme: †¢ civil society activists today are â€Å"a strong minority of citizens† who deserve more support †¢ Informal networks are important for civil society, especially in rural areas because they include a large membership and their ability and readiness to provide vital daily services, plus often good links with government †¢ Foreign funding has had a positive effect in many areas (for example, it helped open up dialogue on many issues like feminism, domestic violence and others) †¢ Mafia-type groupings have had a powerful and negative effect at all levels in Russia – even â€Å"co-opting the role of civil society† †¢ The millionaires or â€Å"oligarchs† that emerged during the 1990s preferred not to work through formal or wider business associations; hence they contributed little to civil society development. So Russia surely has a civil society. The question is how to develop it further, from lo cal to national level. Here is some thoughts on that part because there are many different opinions from different experts on that note. I will try to suggest the best possible ways of improving it and making in stronger and more vulnerable to what tries to hurt it. †¢ Civic engagement: the level of public activity in stable periods is moderate, but CSOs have shown they can mobilize quickly when the external situation demands †¢ Level of organization: Russian civil society is still in a difficult period of organizational development †¢ Practice of values: CSO members and activists refer to non-violence, tolerance and internal democracy as being among the most important for the sector †¢ Perception of impact: the general image of civil society is not equal from internal and external points of view. CSOs themselves rate their social and political impact as higher than the scores given by external experts †¢ External environment: the majority of the population do not approve of corruption, tax evasion, and so on. These positive social attitudes could potentially act as a catalyst for further civil society development. †¢Consultative mechanisms. Set up by Putin in 2004, the national Public Chamber has 126 members, selected in equal numbers by the President, public organizations, and Russia’s regions. The aim was to develop the space for civil society and intersectional dialogue. Gradually, this model has been extended across Russia. Critics said they would prove to be mere â€Å"window-dressing to legitimize the government’s increasingly authoritarian policies†, but at local level many NGO supporters have proved willing to give them a try. (A survey found that 60% of activists would participate if asked, while 16% wouldn’t, 181) In all of these developments, a clear gap can be seen between advanced and less advanced elements in civil society and government. The rural areas lag behind the cities, the remote regions lag behind the industrial centres. The character of political opposition to the regime is quite different in the regions. As the demonstrations of autumn 2011 and spring 2012 showed, present-day ‘dissidents’ in Moscow and St Petersburg tend to be middle-class, liberal and western-leaning. However, in the Urals and Siberia, many of the most strident activists are from the communist and nationalist camps. Conclusion and perspectives. In December 2011, Russia was admitted to WTO (18 years after first applying) and all that remained was for the Duma to ratify the agreement. In March 2012, Putin returned as President for a new seven-year term. Thus, for the alter-globalization movement as for other dissident forces, a new period of struggle lies ahead to win a greater degree of social and economic justice and a more democratic society in Russia. On the other hand, Putin has promised to priorities social issues and CSOs are well placed to work for positive results in this area. This is a kind of â€Å"crossroads† for Russian civil society – will activists and organizations collaborate or conflict with government? None can say surely but it is likely that many will opt for the first of these strategies, so they face the challenge of how to resist incorporation and maintain their own agenda during the negotiations. Both the democracy and the alter-globalization movements face the challenge of how to coordinate their activities, combine different viewpoints, and communicate more effectively with the general public. The activists involved in social issues at local level have put energy and ideas into setting up grants contests, ensuring transparency in awarding contracts. Now they need to focus on the development, implementation and monitoring of longer term programs – whether carried out by NGOs or government itself. Only a truly independent position will enable them to work effectively in difficult areas like anti-corruption, anti-racism or the protection of minority rights. How to cite Civil Society in Russia, Papers

Overview of Costco Company

This is considered as the largest warehouse chain company in the world. This is so basing on the volumes of sales that are carried out by the company in any given year. The company was founded in 1993 and has undergone several business processes such as mergers to become as successful as it is now. The company merged with Price Club Company to increase its customer base.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Overview of Costco Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has slightly over 150,000 employees all over the world with about 100,000 based in the USA. The company has a substantive mission in which it aims at providing the customers with quality goods and services at the lowest price involving the control of inventory. The company is also guided by a specific code of ethics in which it focuses on caring for both members and employees, respecting the vendors, and rewarding the company’s shareholders. In o rder to remain ahead of its competition, Costco uses some of the best business processes in its supply chain management. The profitability of the company can be attributed to the fact that it has embraced mechanisms that minimize loses along the supply chain. Costco uses two methods in its operation to minimize costs. The first method is the vendor managed inventory in which the supplier has the responsibility to maintain the inventory levels thereby reducing the labor cost incurred by Costco. The other method involves ‘cross docking’ in which a large fraction of the inventory is kept in several centers that are used in distribution while the rest is kept in the Costco stores. In order to successfully beat other companies in the industry, Costco uses a pricing strategy that involves capping its markup of any given brand name by about 15 %. This is lower compared to other companies that do the sameby between 20 and 25%. In case of a private label the company does the mar kup by about 16%. The services offered to the customers are usually at prices that can be bargained. The company in its truck applies two systems: one which involves the transportation of goods from the supplier, then to the depots, then the warehouses and finally to the consumers; and the other which involves goods being transported from the supplier directly to the warehouses, then after that, to the consumers. The second mechanism does not involve goods passing through the company’s depots.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The vendor managed inventory that is used is managed by the applications at the ConnectionHub. The specific application suite used is the Drop-Ship Master. The suite is crucial to the company for it is used during the integration of new suppliers in the company’s system to enhance the making of quick orders as may be specified by Costco or the customer. Through this system, it is possible for a highly efficient supply management system to be maintained without necessarily getting involved in risk taking or inventory keeping. A single integration point is available at the ConnectionHub for use by Costco. Through this point, it is possible for the company to efficiently contact the suppliers. This quickens the rate at which the goods are moved from the supplier to the consumer and hence consumer satisfaction In conclusion, Costco has effectively developed into a serious company in the supply chain management business. The strategies it applies work successfully and it can be said that these strategies are responsible for the company’s best performance in the market. This essay on Overview of Costco Company was written and submitted by user Trystan Parsons to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.