Christopher Columbus Essay -- History Columbus

Christopher Columbus is credited as the daring explorer who tested current reasoning and found the land presently known as the Americas. Columbus found new grounds, yet in addition opened exchange with local people groups and carried generous riches and greatness to the significant European forces. What's more his endeavors not just empowered the spread of the gospel to agnostic people groups, yet in addition set up for the rise of the United States of America. Without Christopher Columbus the United States would not have been a different state for more than 500 years or more or not in any way. In any case, regardless of all that Columbus peopled, despite everything neglect to perceive the excursion he attempted before Columbus set off in his first boat. The general population is as yet unfit to appreciate, in spite of long periods of training, the inward and outer battle and the derision Columbus had to experience for simply putting stock in what he thought was right. His fortitude even with deride is the thing that truly makes Columbus a national saint in that age just as in this period. Christopher Columbus’ demonstrations of persistence, his ethical fearlessness, and his courageous soul keep on rousing the individuals of today. Through this intercourse, Christopher Columbus’ work has not finished, for it is consistent as it perseveres to pervade the individuals of today with the capacity to prevail notwithstanding an obscure future. (Philips 13) Christopher Columbus’ constancy and determination have for quite some time been a piece of the way of thinking of current reasoning. Columbus showed high demonstrations of tirelessness as he rode the rushes of vulnerability to the place where there is achievement. At the point when Columbus looked for crowd with King of Portugal in 1485, he was humiliatingly denied subsidizing for his proposed plan to cruise west to get to India. On the off chance that, Columbus had g... ... the different qualities that Columbus gave to us. Works Cited 123Holiday. Christopher Columbus Biography. Columbus Day. Microsoft Encarta, 23 May 2003. Web. 27 Nov. 2010. . Cohen, J.M. (1969) The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus: Being His Own Log-Book, Letters and Dispatches with Connecting Narrative Drawn from the Life of the Admiral by His Son Hernando Colon and Others. London UK: Penguin Classics. Davidson, Miles H. (1997) Columbus Then and Now: A Life Reexamined, Norman and London, University of Oklahoma Press. Khurana, Simran. Citations: Hope. Quotes Quotations. 2001. Web. 27 Nov. 2010. . Phillips, W. D. what's more, C. R. Phillips (1992) The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.

Womans Rights free essay sample

Through the span of the most recent 200 years women’s jobs have experienced various political and social changes. From having practically no â€Å"control over their own lives† (Applebee) to picking up balance in the political and social fields, the verifiable investigation of ladies in the United States is one without examination. In the right on time to mid 1800’s ladies assumed an insignificant job throughout everyday life. They had little instruction; after marriage they were to remain at home and just do housework. They couldn't cast a ballot, be a piece of the jury, had little training, and no work. In 1836, the principal ladies abolitionists showed up: Sarah and Angelina Emily Grimke. Angelina composed An Appeal to Christian Women of the South. This called upon ladies to oust this shocking arrangement of persecution and savagery. Not many men upheld their development. The following development was the Temperance Movement. This development was the push to forbid the drinking of liquor. We will compose a custom article test on Womans Rights or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In the nineteenth century; liquor was utilized for everything except for not many individuals considered tipsiness to be an issue; yet, those behind the moderation development did. â€Å"They held assemblies, delivered leaflets, and achieved a decrease in utilization of liquor that would proceed into the 1860s† (Bowes). Young ladies had not many training openings; it was said â€Å"if ladies knew science enough to have ‘the water bubble in a pot’ was sufficient for women† (Bowes). The first women’s school was opened in 1821. In 1837 advanced education was offered for ladies. African American ladies were constrained out of schools and a few schools were closed down on the off chance that they gave instruction to dark ladies. Towards the mid nineteenth century, instructed ladies started wellbeing changes. Research found that for each four ladies three were sick and one was sound. The tight, multi-layered garments and blistering climate made it undesirable for ladies. It was suggested that the ladies wear looser garments; men were shocked and rebuffed when ladies started to wear pants. Women’s rights rose in the mid nineteenth century. Many change developments took care of the development of the women’s development. It gave ladies expanded chances to act outside their homes. The first women’s rights show was held in New York; it was named Seneca Falls. About 300 ladies and men assembled at Wesleyan Methodist Church. Lucy Stone’s sister wrote,â€Å"I can’t vote, yet what care I for that, I would not on the off chance that I could† (Bowes). The Sojourner Truth was the following represent women’s rights. The conditions for slaves intensified, so Isabella Baumfree took the name Sojourner Truth. She chose to visit or travel around the nation getting the message out of abrogation. She contended with others in women’s rights since she put stock in nullification. Truth won the contention with her discourse, which encouraged men to help women’s rights. During the 1960s, new women’s developments emerged with women's liberation. Women's liberation is â€Å"the conviction that ladies ought to have financial, political, and social fairness with men† (Bowes). This won women’s option to cast a ballot in 1920, however women’s rights declined after this accomplishment yet revived during the 1960s. During the 1950s one out of three ladies worked compensation, and women’s openings opened however they were still closed out. Womens occupations paid ineffectively, yet by 1960s ladies compensation expanded by 40 percent. Most employments for ladies were administrative work, household administration, retail deals, social work, educating, and nursing. Ladies were frequently pushed to the side until President Kennedy tended to the issue in 1961. â€Å"As the women’s rights developed, it accomplished amazing and suffering political and social increases for women† (Bowes). In 1963, Betty Friedan composed the book The Feminine Mystique, this book urged housewives to start meeting to talk about their lives and their jobs in the public eye. In 1966 a gathering was built up named National Organization for Women (NOW). This gathering of ladies battled for the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Their objective was â€Å"to make a move to get American ladies into full investment the standard of American culture now† (Cayton et al). They needed reasonable compensation and equivalent openings for work; they needed more parity in relationships. This was the quickest developing gathering in ladies rights. Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendments in 1972. This change expresses that ladies and men would have the equivalent and equivalent rights; this was supposed to be â€Å"simple justice† (Bowes). A Stop ERA crusade was begun in 1972. Phyllis Schlafly accepted that ERA would prompt a â€Å"parade of horribles,† like drafting ladies, laws securing homemakers, the finish of husband’s duty to accommodate their family, and same sex relationships. So as to dispose of ERA and master fetus removal supporters, traditionalists shaped the â€Å"pro-family† development or the New Right. The New Rights and Women’s Rights conflicted over ERA, yet by 1977 women’s rights had the endorsement of 35 of the 38 states required for the development. By 1982, ERA had went down tragically. In 1983, women’s rights held 13. 5 percent of chose state workplaces just as 24 seats in the United States Congress.

Dissertation Help - The Best Way to Go

Dissertation Help - The Best Way to GoIn my opinion dissertation help and submission is a necessity to the working academics. Without this service then academics would have no means of procuring research material for the making of a successful dissertation.However, as far as the students are concerned, the whole idea of having a dissertation is only possible if the student has some other means of securing material for his work. While the student is busy studying and his memory of the course material and related incidents would not be very clear, he will find it difficult to get hold of the required material for his dissertation. That is why in such a situation the student will seek dissertation help.The professional services of these service providers are really priceless. They offer unique knowledge and information on how to prepare and handle a dissertation. They also go the extra mile and also provide the necessary guidance, help and material to the students, while doing the work of dissertation writing. The level of knowledge is broad and deep and hence the students can benefit from it as well.The initial stage is the writing of the dissertation and then comes the process of preparing and submitting it. The services provided by these professional writers ensure that the whole procedure goes smoothly and also efficiently. As a matter of fact, the help provided by these writers is even required at times by the student himself as he finds it difficult to come up with an adequate dissertation for his work.Many students feel that the best way to get dissertation help is to take the help of professors and senior professors. This is not very true as a matter of fact. These professors are also required to write a dissertation which is of little importance. Their advice in writing the dissertation is really limited and of no use.There are many online services which help the students in this regard. These sites provide expert opinions, peer reviewed reviews and even suggest the manner inwhich the dissertation should be prepared. The student need not worry about the overall quality of the paper and can rely upon the expert opinions and views. It is like using the expertise of professors and the resourceful assistance of professionals for the benefit of the student.The best part is that these companies pay their writers to deliver top notch quality work and then the students can rely upon the knowledge, information and expertise they offer. The help they offer is of great use. The paper can be written effectively and quickly and the final product looks good too.These services are meant to help students attain a higher degree of academic performance and placement in jobs. Hence, the need for dissertation help has been taken care of.

How to Parse a Xml in Oracle Using Xpath with Xmltype - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 583 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Old school DOM ! Traditionally Xml parsing was doing using dom objects in Pl/Sql level. This method of parsing XMLs has significant performance hit, even if we left out the many loops that we have to go through to get a value of a single XML element. Enough of Dom, Lest see abut XMLtype. Oracle 9i and above has this new type of object which is capable of recognizing a XML document end to end. This is the link to the document. https://download. oracle. com/docs/cd/B10501_01/appdev. 920/a96620/xdb04cre. htm And if u don’t have time to read it your self I have red it and these are some available functions to extract values safely from a XML. And all the code you see is PLSQL 1. XML is represented as CLOB. Take the below XML as an example. The xml need (well there might be other ways too) to be provided as clob to the XML type constructor. l_clob CLOB := 123456789 AIR USA123 1 2 3 2 DUPLEX_VERTICAL EMAIL [emailprotected] com Don’t Write Blog Posts at work Please do not do any thing other than work while you are at work [emailprotected] com OTHER SMS Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How to Parse a Xml in Oracle Using Xpath with Xmltype" essay for you Create order SMS_SENDER1 ’;2. Lest Start the fire. Creating XML object. xml_object SYS. Xmltype; xml_object:=sys. xmltype. createXML(l_clob);3. Accessing a value of a XML element. If you do this in the proper safe way this is actually three steps. Here are the steps. Check if the Item that you are trying to access exits. Check if the value on the item is not Null. Access the value. IF ( xml_object. existsNode(/ROOT_TAG/HOTLINE) = 1 ) THEN IF( xml_object. extract(/ROOT_TAG/HOTLINE/text()) IS NOT NULL ) THEN xml_data_str := xml_object. xtract(/ROOT_TAG/HOTLINE/text()). getStringval(); END IF; END IF; The xml_object. existsNode just checks whether the element specified in the Xpath exists. If so returns Scalar 1. Then the code checks whether the element is null or not, this step may looks like redundant but this is needed for a cleaner code. Then the . getStringval() returns the String value. In the best case only the 3rd step in enough but†¦ all the 1st and 2nd lines for a more dependab le code. 4. Accessing reparative set of Items and fetching the values. Point here to note is you can access the specific Item of a repetitive list of items using an index. Index starts at 1†¦. xml_data_str := xml_object. extract(/ROOT_TAG/ITEM[1]/CHANNEL/text()). getStringval() ; xml_data_str := xml_object. extract(/ROOT_TAG/ITEM[2]/CHANNEL/text()). getStringval() ; xml_data_str := xml_object. extract(/ROOT_TAG/ITEM[3]/CHANNEL/text()). getStringval() ;The above code will return the channel of the first Item,second,third. U can always write a loop by incrementing the Index vale and access all the item. 5. Checking if a Specific Item with a specific vale exists. IF ( xml_object. existsNode(/ROOT_TAG/ITEM[CHANNEL=PRINTER]) = 1 ) THEN †¦. END IF:Above code only checks whether I item with the channel == â€Å"PRINTER† exists†¦ simple. these â€Å". existsNode† checks can be very useful when you are searching a value of a frequently changing XML. if other methods such as â€Å"extract† hits a null element you will endup with an exception, so always use â€Å"existNode† to before accessing the values. this is a very basic. but very frequently used set of xml extraction stuff. read the doc people..

Baseball, America s Pastime - 2009 Words

Baseball is referred to as â€Å"America’s Pastime.† Many people argue it is one of the hardest sports to succeed in. Out of the four major sports in the United States, hitting a 95 mile per hour fastball is a goal only few can accomplish at a professional level. With only 750 players throughout 30 Major League Baseball (MLB) teams, the odds of making it to â€Å"The Show† are highly unlikely. To make it to the big leagues as an African American player was an even harder feat to accomplish in the mid to late 1900’s. Baseballs Greatest Experiment tells the story of how MLB was an all white mans game up until the death of Commissioner Kennesaw Mountain Landis in 1944. Team owners and the commissioner did not want to integrate African Americans into the MLB; â€Å"some experts argued that the absence of blacks in the majors stemmed from their lack of talent, intelligence and desire† ( Tygiel, 32). Since Jackie Robinson overcame many obstacles, baseba ll players and fans alike can argue that he paved the way for African Americans in baseball and challenged societal social structure. As African Americans started to make names for themselves in other sports such as the boxer Joe Louis, people questioned why African Americans were not allowed to play baseball. Tygiel brought it to attention that, â€Å" the emergence of Joe Louis as the world heavyweight boxing champion and a national hero led many American’s to re-evaluate their prejudices† ( Tygiel, 35). As African American boxers started beatingShow MoreRelatedBaseball Is America s Pastime2072 Words   |  9 Pages Baseball is America’s pastime. Thousands of fans every season gather in stadiums nationwide to watch as players take the diamond. People of all ages have a love for baseball, after all it is the all American sport. Baseball was loved by millions until one day when the truth came out. The 1919 World Series had been rigged. Hearts were broken and sadness spread across America. These crooked people didn’t intentionally try to ruin baseball but there were reasons why these men went astray. People didn’tRead MoreBaseball Is America s Pastime2754 Words   |  12 Pages The United States has long been known to have a pastime. That pastime is known as baseball. While there are other major sports in the United States, baseball is America’s pastime. This starts when father and son go outside and play catch. This continues when the son begins to play little league baseball, both father and son dreaming of playing in the World Series one day. For most boys, the dream ends in high school. For those talented enough, the dream may continue through college. For theRead MoreBaseball Is America s Pastime1064 Words   |  5 PagesBaseball is America’s pastime. Baseball is a sport that is played with a bat, glove, and a baseball. The sport is popular worldwide. Countries around the world have developed their own leagues and have created teams in the leagues to play against each other. The age group for baseball players range from the ages of 5 to about 65. Some leagues are created with age restrictions on them so that play levels can be fair. For example, 5 years olds playing together would be more fair than an 18 year oldRead MoreBaseball : America s Pastime869 Words   |  4 PagesBaseball; America’s pastime. The history of the game is just as much a part of America’s story as the Liberty Bell. There is no place that history is preserved more than the small town of 1,800 residents, Cooperstown, NY; home of the National B aseball Hall of Fame. Since 1936, the Hall of Fame has immortalized 215 of the most revered men to ever grace a ball diamond. Nearly every era of the game is depicted; with names like Cobb, Ruth, DiMaggio, Williams, and Mantle forever having their likenessRead MoreBaseball Is America s National Pastime976 Words   |  4 Pagesargument over which sport is originally Americas national past time is as enduring and intense as American sports themselves. Each and every week millions of people tune in to watch their favorite sports being played. Over the years baseball has traditionally been known as the national pastime among all sports, but the rich tradition and history behind baseball is still around and noticed, with that being said, baseball is still referred to as America’s national pastime. This can be attributed to many factorsRead MoreBaseball : America s Pastime Of The Past1255 Words   |  6 PagesBaseball: America’s Pastime of the Past A pastime is a hobby that is performed in someone’s spare time. The term America’s pastime is something that the entire nation enjoys and participates in. Since its creation, baseball has taken the top spot as the nation’s favorite recreation. For generations it filled the homes of Americans whether it be via television, conversation, or participation. Families would travel together to their local baseball stadium and root for the home team. KidsRead MoreAmerica s National Pastime Of Baseball Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesSince its grand entry in the 19th century, baseball has evolved to be one of the most popular sport nationally and to be known as America’s national pastime. This multibillion dollar industry attracts millions of fans worldwide throughout different regions. The origin of baseball is believed to have evolved from a ball-and-bat game called Seker-Hemant played by ancient Egyptians dating as far back as 2,500 BCE. Fast-forwardi ng time, modern day baseball began with the formation of the Cincinnati RedRead MoreBaseball And Its Impact On America s National Pastime Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesSince its grand entry in the 19th century, baseball has evolved to be one of the most popular sport nationally and to be known as America’s national pastime. This multibillion dollar industry attracts millions of fans worldwide throughout different regions. The origin of baseball is believed to have evolved from a ball-and-bat game called Seker-Hemant played by ancient Egyptians dating as far back as 2,500 BCE. Fast-forwarding time, modern day baseball began with the formation of the Cincinnati RedRead MoreThe Sport Of Baseball : America s Favorite Pastime1093 Words   |  5 PagesThe sport of baseball, otherwise known as â€Å"America’s favorite pastime†, has reportedly been around since the 17th century. It has had its ups and downs like every other sport, but the crazy history of how it came about is quite extensive. Having to find new players that no one would think of to play and eventually having the first ever World Series; the sport has changed throughout time. The beginning of baseball can be accredited to Thomas Wilson who was a conformist leader in England. WilsonRead MoreMajor League Baseball : America s Pastime1824 Words   |  8 PagesMajor League Baseball is known as â€Å"America’s Pastime†. The human element in the game makes it exciting and unpredictable. Baseball remains, as it should, as an un-digitalized and an untimed sport. In 2014, Major League Baseball expanded the instant replay allowed challenges from solely home-run challenges, to almost everything, excluding only the calls on balls and strikes. Fans’ request was one of the reasons this was done. Another reason was there had been a handful of bad calls by umpires,

Civil Society in Russia Free Essays

string(104) " religious activists from many of the constituent republics of the USSR Transition period to our times\." Introduction. The term â€Å"civil society† in Russia is rarely referred to something other than to the civic organisations and movements created during and after the break-up of the Soviet Union (start of the 1990’s). Never the less this paper will look at the â€Å"civil society† term in Russia more widely and insidely. We will write a custom essay sample on Civil Society in Russia or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will talk more and discuss about our time â€Å"civil society†, which came in in the end of the 90’s with the Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin’s ascension on the presidency. Putin re-established a top-down order in Russia and has proved to be quite antagonistic both to Western foreign policy and to pro-Western civil society groups. However, both capitalism and multiparty democracy continued their uncertain paths in Russia through the last decade. After two terms as president, Putin handed over to Dmitri Medvedev and therefore he built a so called monopoly in the hidden â€Å"Dictatorship† in the Russian political sphere. Total domination until the unability of being the ruling force of the country will come in but even then he has a cut back plan of Medvedev and some later chosen candidate, that will help Medvedev make same what Putin did, with getting the presidentship back in his hands as soon as possible. Looking to the future, the paper highlights two main trends. First, the continuation of Russia’s tradition of civic and political activism, seen most dramatically in the mass demonstrations in Moscow and other cities. Second, the major steps made by CSOs and local government in implementing social partnership, with new funds from the state that both replace and build on the contributions of foreign donors during 1995-2005. History. The beginnings of Russian civil society. The first stage (1760-1860) flows out of Catherine the Great’s reforms to the Russian estates and was characterized by the creation of public organizations related to science, literature, the arts, leisure and charitable activities. These included famous and influential associations like the Russian Geographical Society, the Free Economics Society, the Moscow Agricultural Society, the Russian Technical Society, and the Pirogov’s Association of Russian Doctors. These societies were set up with hopes for friendly cooperation with the Tsarist authorities and in the second half of the 19th century their members played a key role lobbying for social and legal reform. Civil society growth under Tsarism. Russia’s second stage of civil society development began with the Great Reforms ushered in by Tsar Alexander II in the 1860s. Serfdom was abolished, basic civil rights were established in law, and the first steps taken in the creation of a local government system. CSOs expanded gradually, became more professional, and began to provide educational and health support to vulnerable groups across the country. At the same time industrialization and urbanization gathered pace in Russia. The extension of the railway system across Siberia to the Pacific was one of the most dramatic examples of this in the late 19th century. Though ,the development of capitalist relations in the economy was not mirrored by political changes. The period of reforms gave way to a new period of repression and political stagnation, and the state was challenged by increasingly radical political forces such as the Popularitists(Narodniki) with their â€Å"to the people† movement, culminating in the 1905 revolution. Many voluntary associations were radicalized too (including almost all the scientific societies noted above). Significantly, the only law passed in Tsarist time devoted to public organizations was issued by the Senate in the  immediate aftermath of the first Russian Revolution, in March 1906. In the next few years, almost 5,000 new organizations, societies and unions were registered. However, once again this reforming, liberalizing movement ran into opposition from the state and with the crisis that was brought into the country because of the participation and taking a huge part and playing important role in World War I. Civil society in the Soviet period. The Soviet period (1917 to the mid-1980s) is the third stage in Russia’s civil society development, notable for the â€Å"nationalization of civil society institutions†. Again, there were stages when popular activity flowered. The Soviet arts, cultural and scientific avant-garde of the 1920s is well known, but less well known are the local movements, peasants’ and proletarian organizations that emerged all around the country. For example, every settlement/district had its own Peasant Mutual Society and the Central Bureau catered to the welfare needs of students much as voluntary associations had done before the revolution. However, in the 1930s this phase gave way to a period of repression and political regimentation – occasioned by the Soviet government’s decision to forcibly collectivize agriculture and go for rapid industrialization. This â€Å"required state-oriented CSOs which were to drive the foundation of socialism†. The voluntary associations created in the 1920s â€Å"offered alternative ways of solving social problems† but the authorities â€Å"doubted the utility of voluntary movements and the reliability of their participants.† Thousands were shut down in the 1930s and new associations set up in their stead, as part of the government machine. It was not until the late 1950s-early 1960s that citizens’ organizations of a less politicized type began to re-emerge, encouraged by Kruschev’s denunciation of Stalin and the political though that followed. Russian analysts have identified about 40 of these, operating mainly within the arts and scientific fields under the patronage of Communist Party bodies and subject to the latter’s decisions on policy and personnel matters. By the Brezhnev period, associations were active among groups as varied as war veterans, professional designers and those involved in child welfare. Civil society now included the dissident  movement. Dissidents developed various modes of resistance to the Soviet state – writing and publishing artistic or journalistic critiques of the regime, creating a variety of informal circles and discussion groups, and making statements on political and human rights issues that brought down considerable persecution on themselves. But they had many sympathizers and considerable impact on the political atmosphere in the country and its reputation abroad. The dissident movement included not only western-leaning liberals, but also strident nationalists and religious activists from many of the constituent republics of the USSR Transition period to our times. â€Å"Civil society† played a huge role in dissident ideology in Eastern Europe and the USSR in the 1980s. When the communist regimes collapsed one after the other it seemed to many people that an entirely new society was being born. Many different analyses of â€Å"newly-created† civil society in the region were built around this view. Twenty years later and with the benefit of new historical research, most experts in the region see things differently. The current stage of civil society development in Russia is a fourth stage, starting in the mid-1980s and continuing to the present day. The movement for perestroika and glasnost led by Gorbachev was designed to solve the USSR’s pressing economic crisis (caused by the arms race and economic competition with the West) and to shore up the legitimacy of one-party rule. But it led instead to the collapse of the communist system. Many of the most active civil society sectors today can trace their origins to the 1980s – not just the human rights groups, but also the environmental movement with its active networks among young people and in the regions. The adoption of a law on public associations in the late soviet period, supported by subsequent Russian Federation laws regulating public and charitable activity, opened the door to CSO registration for all-comers. However, under Yeltsin’s successor Putin, the environment for civil society changed significantly. On the one hand, Putin accelerated a process initiated under Yeltsin –government financing of the sector (mainly via contracting out social services to CSOs), and set up a national structure of Public Councils to dialogue with and co-opt the sector. On the other hand,  in 2006 he introduced regulations limiting the influence of foreign donors. The study’s authors call this policy â€Å"import substitution†; the replacement of foreign models and funding by national programs, self-organization and local philanthropy. Russian civil society today. General features of the sector After two decades of transition, analysts of current developments in Russia are beginning to gain a balanced view of the civil society sector. Civil society in Russia, is showing more attention to the detail, shows that elements of continuity and change, tradition and innovation, exist alongside one another. Here is what I can say on that theme: †¢ civil society activists today are â€Å"a strong minority of citizens† who deserve more support †¢ Informal networks are important for civil society, especially in rural areas because they include a large membership and their ability and readiness to provide vital daily services, plus often good links with government †¢ Foreign funding has had a positive effect in many areas (for example, it helped open up dialogue on many issues like feminism, domestic violence and others) †¢ Mafia-type groupings have had a powerful and negative effect at all levels in Russia – even â€Å"co-opting the role of civil society† †¢ The millionaires or â€Å"oligarchs† that emerged during the 1990s preferred not to work through formal or wider business associations; hence they contributed little to civil society development. So Russia surely has a civil society. The question is how to develop it further, from local to national level. Here is some thoughts on that part because there are many different opinions from different experts on that note. I will try to suggest the best possible ways of improving it and making in stronger and more vulnerable to what tries to hurt it. †¢ Civic engagement: the level of public activity in stable periods is moderate, but CSOs have shown they can mobilize quickly when the external situation demands †¢ Level of organization: Russian civil society is still in a difficult period of organizational development †¢ Practice of values: CSO members and activists refer to non-violence, tolerance and internal democracy as being among the most important for the sector †¢ Perception of impact: the general image of civil society is not equal from internal and external points of view. CSOs themselves rate their social and political impact as higher than the scores given by external experts †¢ External environment: the majority of the population do not approve of corruption, tax evasion, and so on. These positive social attitudes could potentially act as a catalyst for further civil society development. †¢Consultative mechanisms. Set up by Putin in 2004, the national Public Chamber has 126 members, selected in equal numbers by the President, public organizations, and Russia’s regions. The aim was to develop the space for civil society and intersectional dialogue. Gradually, this model has been extended across Russia. Critics said they would prove to be mere â€Å"window-dressing to legitimize the government’s increasingly authoritarian policies†, but at local level many NGO supporters have proved willing to give them a try. (A survey found that 60% of activists would participate if asked, while 16% wouldn’t, 181) In all of these developments, a clear gap can be seen between advanced and less advanced elements in civil society and government. The rural areas lag behind the cities, the remote regions lag behind the industrial centres. The character of political opposition to the regime is quite different in the regions. As the demonstrations of autumn 2011 and spring 2012 showed, present-day ‘dissidents’ in Moscow and St Petersburg tend to be middle-class, liberal and western-leaning. However, in the Urals and Siberia, many of the most strident activists are from the communist and nationalist camps. Conclusion and perspectives. In December 2011, Russia was admitted to WTO (18 years after first applying) and all that remained was for the Duma to ratify the agreement. In March 2012, Putin returned as President for a new seven-year term. Thus, for the alter-globalization movement as for other dissident forces, a new period of struggle lies ahead to win a greater degree of social and economic justice and a more democratic society in Russia. On the other hand, Putin has promised to priorities social issues and CSOs are well placed to work for  positive results in this area. This is a kind of â€Å"crossroads† for Russian civil society – will activists and organizations collaborate or conflict with government? None can say surely but it is likely that many will opt for the first of these strategies, so they face the challenge of how to resist incorporation and maintain their own agenda during the negotiations. Both the democracy and the alter-globalization movements face the challenge of how to coordinate their activities, combine different viewpoints, and communicate more effectively with the general public. The activists involved in social issues at local level have put energy and ideas into setting up grants contests, ensuring transparency in awarding contracts. Now they need to focus on the development, implementation and monitoring of longer term programs – whether carried out by NGOs or government itself. Only a truly independent position will enable them to work effectively in difficult areas like anti-corruption, anti-racism or the protection of minority rights. How to cite Civil Society in Russia, Papers Civil Society in Russia Free Essays string(104) " religious activists from many of the constituent republics of the USSR Transition period to our times\." The term â€Å"civil society† in Russia is rarely referred to something other than to the civic organisations and movements created during and after the break-up of the Soviet Union (start of the 1990’s). Never the less this paper will look at the â€Å"civil society† term in Russia more widely and insidely. I will talk more and discuss about our time â€Å"civil society†, which came in in the end of the 90’s with the Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin’s ascension on the presidency. We will write a custom essay sample on Civil Society in Russia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Putin re-established a top-down order in Russia and has proved to be quite antagonistic both to Western foreign policy and to pro-Western civil society groups. However, both capitalism and multiparty democracy continued their uncertain paths in Russia through the last decade. After two terms as president, Putin handed over to Dmitri Medvedev and therefore he built a so called monopoly in the hidden â€Å"Dictatorship† in the Russian political sphere. Total domination until the unability of being the ruling force of the country will come in but even then he has a cut back plan of Medvedev and some later chosen candidate, that will help Medvedev make same what Putin did, with getting the presidentship back in his hands as soon as possible. Looking to the future, the paper highlights two main trends. First, the continuation of Russia’s tradition of civic and political activism, seen most dramatically in the mass demonstrations in Moscow and other cities. Second, the major steps made by CSOs and local government in implementing social partnership, with new funds from the state that both replace and build on the contributions of foreign donors during 1995-2005. History. The beginnings of Russian civil society. The first stage (1760-1860) flows out of Catherine the Great’s reforms to the Russian estates and was characterized by the creation of public organizations related to science, literature, the arts, leisure and charitable activities. These included famous and influential associations like the Russian Geographical Society, the Free Economics Society, the Moscow Agricultural Society, the Russian Technical Society, and the Pirogov’s Association of Russian Doctors. These societies were set up with hopes for friendly cooperation with the Tsarist authorities and in the second half of the 19th century their members played a key role lobbying for social and legal reform. Civil society growth under Tsarism. Russia’s second stage of civil society development began with the Great Reforms ushered in by Tsar Alexander II in the 1860s. Serfdom was abolished, basic civil rights were established in law, and the first steps taken in the creation of a local government system. CSOs expanded gradually, became more professional, and began to provide educational and health support to vulnerable groups across the country. At the same time industrialization and urbanization gathered pace in Russia. The extension of the railway system across Siberia to the Pacific was one of the most dramatic examples of this in the late 19th century. Though ,the development of capitalist relations in the economy was not mirrored by political changes. The period of reforms gave way to a new period of repression and political stagnation, and the state was challenged by increasingly radical political forces such as the Popularitists(Narodniki) with their â€Å"to the people† movement, culminating in the 1905 revolution. Many voluntary associations were radicalized too (including almost all the scientific societies noted above). Significantly, the only law passed in Tsarist time devoted to public organizations was issued by the Senate in the immediate aftermath of the first Russian Revolution, in March 1906. In the next few years, almost 5,000 new organizations, societies and unions were registered. However, once again this reforming, liberalizing movement ran into opposition from the state and with the crisis that was brought into the country because of the participation and taking a huge part and playing important role in World War I. Civil society in the Soviet period. The Soviet period (1917 to the mid-1980s) is the third stage in Russia’s civil society development, notable for the â€Å"nationalization of civil society institutions†. Again, there were stages when popular activity flowered. The Soviet arts, cultural and scientific avant-garde of the 1920s is well known, but less well known are the local movements, peasants’ and proletarian organizations that emerged all around the country. For example, every settlement/district had its own Peasant Mutual Society and the Central Bureau catered to the welfare needs of students much as voluntary associations had done before the revolution. However, in the 1930s this phase gave way to a period of repression and political regimentation – occasioned by the Soviet government’s decision to forcibly collectivize agriculture and go for rapid industrialization. This â€Å"required state-oriented CSOs which were to drive the foundation of socialism†. The voluntary associations created in the 1920s â€Å"offered alternative ways of solving social problems† but the authorities â€Å"doubted the utility of voluntary movements and the reliability of their participants. † Thousands were shut down in the 1930s and new associations set up in their stead, as part of the government machine. It was not until the late 1950s-early 1960s that citizens’ organizations of a less politicized type began to re-emerge, encouraged by Kruschev’s denunciation of Stalin and the political though that followed. Russian analysts have identified about 40 of these, operating mainly within the arts and scientific fields under the patronage of Communist Party bodies and subject to the latter’s decisions on policy and personnel matters. By the Brezhnev period, associations were active among groups as varied as war veterans, professional designers and those involved in child welfare. Civil society now included the dissident  movement. Dissidents developed various modes of resistance to the Soviet state – writing and publishing artistic or journalistic critiques of the regime, creating a variety of informal circles and discussion groups, and making statements on political and human rights issues that brought down considerable persecution on themselves. But they had many sympathizers and considerable impact on the political atmosphere in the country and its reputation abroad. The dissident movement included not only western-leaning liberals, but also strident nationalists and religious activists from many of the constituent republics of the USSR Transition period to our times. â€Å"Civil society† played a huge role in dissident ideology in Eastern Europe and the USSR in the 1980s. When the communist regimes collapsed one after the other it seemed to many people that an entirely new society was being born. Many different analyses of â€Å"newly-created† civil society in the region were built around this view. Twenty years later and with the benefit of new historical research, most experts in the region see things differently. The current stage of civil society development in Russia is a fourth stage, starting in the mid-1980s and continuing to the present day. The movement for perestroika and glasnost led by Gorbachev was designed to solve the USSR’s pressing economic crisis (caused by the arms race and economic competition with the West) and to shore up the legitimacy of one-party rule. But it led instead to the collapse of the communist system. Many of the most active civil society sectors today can trace their origins to the 1980s – not just the human rights groups, but also the environmental movement with its active networks among young people and in the regions. The adoption of a law on public associations in the late soviet period, supported by subsequent Russian Federation laws regulating public and charitable activity, opened the door to CSO registration for all-comers. However, under Yeltsin’s successor Putin, the environment for civil society changed significantly. On the one hand, Putin accelerated a process initiated under Yeltsin –government financing of the sector (mainly via contracting out social services to CSOs), and set up a national structure of Public Councils to dialogue with and co-opt the sector. On the other hand,  in 2006 he introduced regulations limiting the influence of foreign donors. The study’s authors call this policy â€Å"import substitution†; the replacement of foreign models and funding by national programs, self-organization and local philanthropy. Russian civil society today. General features of the sector After two decades of transition, analysts of current developments in Russia are beginning to gain a balanced view of the civil society sector. Civil society in Russia, is showing more attention to the detail, shows that elements of continuity and change, tradition and innovation, exist alongside one another. Here is what I can say on that theme: †¢ civil society activists today are â€Å"a strong minority of citizens† who deserve more support †¢ Informal networks are important for civil society, especially in rural areas because they include a large membership and their ability and readiness to provide vital daily services, plus often good links with government †¢ Foreign funding has had a positive effect in many areas (for example, it helped open up dialogue on many issues like feminism, domestic violence and others) †¢ Mafia-type groupings have had a powerful and negative effect at all levels in Russia – even â€Å"co-opting the role of civil society† †¢ The millionaires or â€Å"oligarchs† that emerged during the 1990s preferred not to work through formal or wider business associations; hence they contributed little to civil society development. So Russia surely has a civil society. The question is how to develop it further, from lo cal to national level. Here is some thoughts on that part because there are many different opinions from different experts on that note. I will try to suggest the best possible ways of improving it and making in stronger and more vulnerable to what tries to hurt it. †¢ Civic engagement: the level of public activity in stable periods is moderate, but CSOs have shown they can mobilize quickly when the external situation demands †¢ Level of organization: Russian civil society is still in a difficult period of organizational development †¢ Practice of values: CSO members and activists refer to non-violence, tolerance and internal democracy as being among the most important for the sector †¢ Perception of impact: the general image of civil society is not equal from internal and external points of view. CSOs themselves rate their social and political impact as higher than the scores given by external experts †¢ External environment: the majority of the population do not approve of corruption, tax evasion, and so on. These positive social attitudes could potentially act as a catalyst for further civil society development. †¢Consultative mechanisms. Set up by Putin in 2004, the national Public Chamber has 126 members, selected in equal numbers by the President, public organizations, and Russia’s regions. The aim was to develop the space for civil society and intersectional dialogue. Gradually, this model has been extended across Russia. Critics said they would prove to be mere â€Å"window-dressing to legitimize the government’s increasingly authoritarian policies†, but at local level many NGO supporters have proved willing to give them a try. (A survey found that 60% of activists would participate if asked, while 16% wouldn’t, 181) In all of these developments, a clear gap can be seen between advanced and less advanced elements in civil society and government. The rural areas lag behind the cities, the remote regions lag behind the industrial centres. The character of political opposition to the regime is quite different in the regions. As the demonstrations of autumn 2011 and spring 2012 showed, present-day ‘dissidents’ in Moscow and St Petersburg tend to be middle-class, liberal and western-leaning. However, in the Urals and Siberia, many of the most strident activists are from the communist and nationalist camps. Conclusion and perspectives. In December 2011, Russia was admitted to WTO (18 years after first applying) and all that remained was for the Duma to ratify the agreement. In March 2012, Putin returned as President for a new seven-year term. Thus, for the alter-globalization movement as for other dissident forces, a new period of struggle lies ahead to win a greater degree of social and economic justice and a more democratic society in Russia. On the other hand, Putin has promised to priorities social issues and CSOs are well placed to work for positive results in this area. This is a kind of â€Å"crossroads† for Russian civil society – will activists and organizations collaborate or conflict with government? None can say surely but it is likely that many will opt for the first of these strategies, so they face the challenge of how to resist incorporation and maintain their own agenda during the negotiations. Both the democracy and the alter-globalization movements face the challenge of how to coordinate their activities, combine different viewpoints, and communicate more effectively with the general public. The activists involved in social issues at local level have put energy and ideas into setting up grants contests, ensuring transparency in awarding contracts. Now they need to focus on the development, implementation and monitoring of longer term programs – whether carried out by NGOs or government itself. Only a truly independent position will enable them to work effectively in difficult areas like anti-corruption, anti-racism or the protection of minority rights. How to cite Civil Society in Russia, Papers

Overview of Costco Company

This is considered as the largest warehouse chain company in the world. This is so basing on the volumes of sales that are carried out by the company in any given year. The company was founded in 1993 and has undergone several business processes such as mergers to become as successful as it is now. The company merged with Price Club Company to increase its customer base.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Overview of Costco Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has slightly over 150,000 employees all over the world with about 100,000 based in the USA. The company has a substantive mission in which it aims at providing the customers with quality goods and services at the lowest price involving the control of inventory. The company is also guided by a specific code of ethics in which it focuses on caring for both members and employees, respecting the vendors, and rewarding the company’s shareholders. In o rder to remain ahead of its competition, Costco uses some of the best business processes in its supply chain management. The profitability of the company can be attributed to the fact that it has embraced mechanisms that minimize loses along the supply chain. Costco uses two methods in its operation to minimize costs. The first method is the vendor managed inventory in which the supplier has the responsibility to maintain the inventory levels thereby reducing the labor cost incurred by Costco. The other method involves ‘cross docking’ in which a large fraction of the inventory is kept in several centers that are used in distribution while the rest is kept in the Costco stores. In order to successfully beat other companies in the industry, Costco uses a pricing strategy that involves capping its markup of any given brand name by about 15 %. This is lower compared to other companies that do the sameby between 20 and 25%. In case of a private label the company does the mar kup by about 16%. The services offered to the customers are usually at prices that can be bargained. The company in its truck applies two systems: one which involves the transportation of goods from the supplier, then to the depots, then the warehouses and finally to the consumers; and the other which involves goods being transported from the supplier directly to the warehouses, then after that, to the consumers. The second mechanism does not involve goods passing through the company’s depots.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The vendor managed inventory that is used is managed by the applications at the ConnectionHub. The specific application suite used is the Drop-Ship Master. The suite is crucial to the company for it is used during the integration of new suppliers in the company’s system to enhance the making of quick orders as may be specified by Costco or the customer. Through this system, it is possible for a highly efficient supply management system to be maintained without necessarily getting involved in risk taking or inventory keeping. A single integration point is available at the ConnectionHub for use by Costco. Through this point, it is possible for the company to efficiently contact the suppliers. This quickens the rate at which the goods are moved from the supplier to the consumer and hence consumer satisfaction In conclusion, Costco has effectively developed into a serious company in the supply chain management business. The strategies it applies work successfully and it can be said that these strategies are responsible for the company’s best performance in the market. This essay on Overview of Costco Company was written and submitted by user Trystan Parsons to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Chemistry Abbreviations Starting With Letters U and V

Chemistry Abbreviations Starting With Letters U and V Chemistry abbreviations and acronyms are common in all fields of science. This collection offers common abbreviations and acronyms beginning with the letters U and V used in chemistry and chemical engineering. Chemistry Abbreviations Starting With U U - Internal EnergyU - UndetectableU - UraniumUAFM - Uranyl Acetate Fluorescence MethodUCK - Universal Chemical KeyUHF - Ultra High FrequencyUG - Undisturbed Gas UHC - Unburned HydroCarbonsUHMW - Ultra High Molecular WeightUHP - Ultra High PressureUHP - Ultra High PurityUHT - Ultra High TemperatureUHV - Ultra High VacuumULG - Universal Liquid GasULO - Ultra Low OxygenULOQ - Upper Limit Of QuantitationULS - Ultra Low SulfurULT - Ultra Low TemperatureUNK - UNKnownUPW - Ultra Pure WaterUQY - Ultimate Quality and YieldUUD - UnUnDuium (Element 112, now Cn)UUH - UnUnHexium (Element 116)UUP - UnUnPentium (Element 115)UUQ - UnUnQuadium (Element 114)UUS - UnUnSeptium (Element 117)UUO - UnUnOctium (Element 118)UUU - UnUnUnium (Element 111, now Rg)UV - UltraVioletUVA - UltraViolet band AUV-A - UltravViolet band AUVB - UltraViolet band BUV-B - UltraViolet band BUVF - UtraViolet FilterUVL - UltraViolet LampUVR - UltraViolet ReactiveUXS - Glucuronic Acid DeCarboxylaseUYQ - Uranium Yield Quantity Chemistry Abbreviations Starting With V V - VacuumV - VanadiumV - VoltVA - Volume AnalyzerVA - Nitrogen groupVAC - VacuumVAC - Vacuum Assisted ClosureVB - Vacuum BreakVB - Valence BandVBJ - Vacuum Bell JarVBT - Valence Bond TheoryVC - Viscous CoupledVC - Vapor CloudVCE - Vapor Cloud ExplosionVC - Vinyl ChlorideVCM - Vinyl Chloride MonomerVd - Volume distributionVDB - VanDyke Brown testVDF - Van der Waals forceVDW - Van der Waals radiusVEQ - EQuilibrium VolumeVEQ - EQuivalence point VolumeVFn - Vertical Face number (n is a number)VH - Vapor HazardVHH - Volatile Halogenated HydrocarbonVHI - Vapor Hazard IndexVHN - Vickers Hardness NumberVHP - Vaporized Hydrogen PeroxideVHP - Very High PressureVHT - Very High TemperatureVHY - Very High YieldVI - Viscosity IndexVLD - Vacuum Leak DetectorVLE - Vapor Liquid EquilibriumVMD - Visual Molecular DynamicsVO - Vacuum OvenVOA - Volatile Organic AnalysisVOC - Volatile Organic CompoundVOL - VolumeVP - Vapor PointVP - Vapor PressureVPE - Virtual Potential EnergyVR - Very RapidVS - Very Sat uratedVS - Volatile SolidVSC - Volatile Sulfur CompoundVSS - Volatile Suspended SolidVTC - Variable Temperature CutoffVTP - Volume, Temperature, PressureVU - Volume UnitsVV - Vacuum VesselVV - Valence-ValenceVW - Varies Widely

Become a Networking Expert by Following This 5 Step Plan

Become a Networking Expert by Following This 5 Step Plan It would be great if we could get a job from the safety of our couches, in our pajamas, without having to leave the house. Unfortunately, almost no one actually gets hired from online applications. Networking is still the best way to get your foot in the door. And networking requires both wearing pants- and social skills. Here are five things you absolutely have to do to be one step closer to becoming a networking expert. Prepare in advanceHave a plan before you walk up to the big fish and try to reel them in. Figure out whom you might have the opportunity to meet at any particular event, then learn as much as you can about them. Figure out what you should emphasize to each, and how best to frame yourself. Practice your pitch. Bring plenty of business cards.Ease UpThis isn’t the same as selling used cars. You’re not the Avon lady. Most sentient humans will appreciate a little more sincerity. Remember- you don’t have to be in sales mode all the time in every encou nter. Try connecting on a personal level first and letting the conversation evolve naturally before you start thrusting your business cards in people’s faces.Show upAs great as it would be to send somebody to network for us, this just doesn’t work. Don’t send a friend or colleague- or your sister- to shake hands with that particular hiring manager if you can’t attend yourself. Send a professionally worded email explaining how much you’d like to meet and see if you can’t find another opportunity instead.Expand your reachDon’t play it safe. Your contacts, no matter how many you have, are not enough. It will always be beneficial to keep growing your network and making more connections. You never know when you will need them. Get out there and mingle!Follow upThis is perhaps the most important step in the whole process. Whether you send a handwritten note or an email, it’s absolutely crucial to follow up. It shows your interest and your professionalism, and has the added benefit of reminding that connection you exist!

Extent of Force for Maintaining School Discipline Research Paper

Extent of Force for Maintaining School Discipline - Research Paper Example It is more likely that student will produce effective results and will correct the problem. Sugai, Sprague, Horner, and Walker, (2000) conducted a study to prevent violence at school. Sugai, Sprague, Horner, and Walker, (2000) stated that an upsurge is seen in the number of incidents related to violent behavior in schools. Educators are demanded to make schools safer. However, schools receive very little assistance and guidance in their endeavors to develop and retain a proactive discipline system. Sugai, Sprague, Horner, and Walker, (2000) provide an idea related to how office discipline referrals can be used as source of information in order to manage, monitor, and modify their interventions for schools that exhibit high rate of behavioral problems (Sugai, Sprague, Horner, and Walker, 2000). Hyman, and Perone, (1998) contributed a study related to impact of policies and procedures of educators on misbehavior of students in schools. Hyman, and Perone, (1998) stated that victimizatio n of students by administrators, instructors, teachers, and other staff members of school, mostly under the name of discipline seldom contribute to alienation, aggression, or misbehavior of student. Yet, Hyman, and Perone, (1998) states that how these policies may contribute to school violence are mentioned in anecdotal evidence, survey data, and clinical studies. Assistance of school psychologists can be taken for the prevention programs (Hyman, and Perone, 1998). Unruly Behavior of Students – Statistics According to Daily Mail Reporter, (2011), teachers are more likely to be given powers to handle disruptive behavior of students in schools by using force on students. The ministry is... This essay stresses that when verbal forcing fails, the need of physical forcing emerges. This approach of disciplinary action often undermines the ability of student and results in nuisance in school system. Traditional approaches to maintain discipline have always remained punitive, negative, and reactive; therefore, they often lead to bad feelings for all the relevant parties. A positive approach to maintaining school discipline is to design a process that encourages good performance and solve performance problems. The basic notion behind this approach is to treat a student like an adult who need to solve a problem, instead of treating him like a child who must be punished. It is more likely that student will produce effective results and will correct the problem. This paper makes a conclusion that teachers are more likely to be given powers to handle disruptive behavior of students in schools by using force on students. The ministry is seeking ‘unequivocally restore adult authority to the classroom’ after observing statistics related to increasing level of aggressive behavior in schools. The previous system in U.S. focused on ‘no touch’ policies but it is most likely to be replaced by new policies. Previously, teachers were not allowed to touch students in the course of teaching them an instrument or aiding them in an accident. After this amendment, teachers will be able to use reasonable force to prevent student from leaving or eject disruptive students from the classroom.

Discuss the process of making meaning in the face of confusion, loss Essay

Discuss the process of making meaning in the face of confusion, loss or limitation using the spiral Jetty and the documentry bomb it as resources - Essay Example One of the greatest art masterpieces is Spiral Jetty performed by Robert Smithson. The monumental earthwork Spiral Jetty (1970) is located on the Great Salt Lake in Utah. â€Å"Using black basalt rocks and earth from the site, the artist created a coil 1,500 feet long and 15 feet wide that stretches out counter-clockwise into the translucent red water† (Smithson Robert:Spiral Jetty). Those tourists who have visited this place of art energy claim it to be the greatest monument they have ever seen. The sculptor built the Jetty when the water level of the lake was quite law, therefore in several years it disappeared under water after the spring flood. Then it reappeared several times during the history of its existence and since 2005 due to the drought it gives the chance for everyone to admire it. Imagine that you have to construct such monument in a very short period of time because of the rising tides and you have to do a lot of things: to make the project of the masterpiece, to find proper funding, to hire the working group and to cope with all those problems that arise during the process of creation. I believe that the author had multiple problems while fabricating this piece of art, but he managed to do it. And now the walk along the salty rocks and the red path encourages other people to cope with their problems and fills them with enthusiasm. The thought that they have may be something like this: â€Å"If he managed to subjugate the elements, then I can solve my trifle problems easily and everything is going to be OK†. I think that admiring such grandeur pieces of art as Spiral Jetty brings meaning to our lives. Another example that I had to analyze and connect it with making meaning in life is performing graffiti art. The documentary presents the video about those guys who cannot imagine their lives without bringing colors on the walls of the houses, on the brick fences and sometimes on vehicles. The movie tracks the competition

STAR INVESTIGATION :: essays research papers

Format: Internet Journalism and the Starr Investigation The Starr Investigation was an important time in journalism, because it forced the traditional media to overhaul their ways of presenting news online in order to meet the needs and demands of Internet users. New technology was used in this case to break the news of the scandal, to voice new allegations, and to release in its entirety Starr’s final report of the investigation. This case provided the first detailed look at the differences in character between the Internet and traditional broadcast and print media. The ethical issues in Internet Journalism and the Starr Investigation: 1. Was this a legitimate news story? 2. Intense journalistic competition? â€Å"Journalists of all stripes were chasing the story.† 3. CREDIBILITY of the paper? Reporting Facts that in the end proved false. Editors doubtful of the story’s accuracy? The reliability of the information? 4. The Value of Verification to get the story right? 5. Anonymous Sourcing/ Unidentified Sources - â€Å"Journalists scrambled to confirm the allegations, but often ended up running them with only anonymous sourcing.† 6. Speed, sensation and conjecture over accuracy? CNN's Scott Woelfel says he sensed in the early going that, "there was an attitude of, 'I don't know if we could put this in the paper, but we could put it on the Web site'." 7.News Leakage? Certain sources in the independent counsel’s office were using the press, selectively leaking information to gain tactical advantage with reluctant witnesses like Lewinsky. McManus recalls. â€Å"So there was clearly a lot of leakage.† 8. The breaking of the story. Matt Drudge breaking the story through his online newsletter? - Wire services sent the story worldwide. Cable networks, radio shows, and local television newscasts led with the report. Larry King interrupted his program to read the story live. 9. The story was so explosive that Bill Clinton’s attorney called Nightline and DENIED the story on the air. 10. SHAKY SOURCING? Reports were based around shaky sourcing. - The Dallas Morning News and the Wall Street Journal reported that the president and the intern had been seen together in a compromising situation. - Starr’s staff member called the source to take back the claim because it was FALSE. - Langer told the employees that the News had unwittingly relied on only one source to publish its original story. 11. Timing and public interest 12. Violating the paper’s two-source standard. 13. Miscommunication - Senior editors mistakenly believed that a second source existed because of a â€Å"miscommunication† between Dallas and the Washington bureau.

Advergames

Synopsis Advergames – Advertising into your subconsciousness Disposition This paper investigates how advergames and anti- advergames have made a ground in our culture. I will explore how the anti- advergame movement utilizes the procedural rhetoric in order to create awareness. Furthermore I will come to a conclusion about why or if we need the anti – advergame movement. What exactly is advergames? Advergames is a great way to reach out to the consumers in a subconscious manner. Advergames are video games which contains advertisement for a product, service, or company. – Advergames are created to fill out a purpose – often to promote the company or one of the products. These games are often distributed freely as the game is a marketing tool. – Advergames can also be less obvious in their advertisement with product placement in the game. The video games is an alternative form of advertising with some advantages: they are cheap, fast, and have an extr aordinary peer-to-peer marketing ability. Advertising within a video game allows for more exposures to the product than traditional ads because, according to Ellen Ratchye– Foster, a trend analyst for Fallon, â€Å"anyone who buys these games devotes weeks and weeks to getting through their levels. † This means that the consumer will see the advertisements over and over while they play, thus it may resonate with them. †1 Product placement – â€Å"Product placement in-game-advertising is most commonly found in sports titles and simulation games. For advertisers an add may be displayed multiple times and a game may provide an opportunity to ally a product's brand image with the image of the game. – Such examples include the use Sobe drink in Tom Clancy’s Splinter Cell: Double Agent – While product placement in film and television is fairly common, this type of in-game advertising has only recently become common in games. â€Å"2 1 http ://advergamingtoday. blogspot. com/2006/02/just-product-placement. html 2 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Advergaming What is anti – advergames? Anti- advergames are games that challenge players to rethink their relationship with consumption and encourage corporate critique. â€Å"Advertisers, governments and organizations mount huge campaigns to show us what they want us to see, and we want to expose what they're hiding,† 3 In order to create awareness for the consumer (or more precisely the player) molleindustria. org and others create anti – advergames. The video games satirize big companies and question corporate polices ranging from how cattle are raised (The McDonald’s Videogame) to low pay for workers (Disaffected! . â€Å"I've always had a complicated relationship with advertising,† Bogost said. â€Å"It's everywhere, and it's becoming more and more parasitic. Yet, because it's everywhere it has the power to influence people positively as well as negatively. † 4 When attempting to sell games as a persuasive medium, those in the business early on found it useful to refer to this class of games as serious games. Ian Bogost wrote the book †Persuasive games† where he analysed the rhetoric these games used in their attempt to share information. Persuasive games – Ian Bogost †A book about how videogames make arguments: rhetoric, computing, politics, advertising, learning. In Persuasive Games, Ian Bogost explains how companies with the video game as a medium can make arguments and influence players. The games represent how the real and artificial/imagined systems work, and the players are invited to an interaction with the system to form an opinion about them. Bogost analyses the unique functions of rhetoric in software and especially in videogames. He argues that videogames because of their representation of procedurality open a whole new domain for persuasion, a new form for rhetoric. 5 3 http://www. molleindustria. org/node/149 4 http://www. molleindustria. org/node/149 5 http://www. bogost. com/books/persuasive_games. shtml This new form is called â€Å"procedural rhetoric† and is a form of rhetoric that is tied to the core affordances of computers which is running processes an executing a rule-based symbolic manipulation. 6 Procedural rhetoric is the practice of authoring arguments through processes. Computer games are interesting in this regard because they are some of the most complex processes that exist. †Covering both commercial and non-commercial games from the earliest arcade games through contemporaty titles, I look at three areas in which videogame persuasion has already taken form and shows considerable potential: politics, advertising, and education. The book reflects both theoretical and game-design goals. †7 The McDonald’s Videogame example McDonald’s video game is a good example of procedural rhetoric. The game was designed to persuade you that McDonald’s business model is corrupt. The McDonald’s Videogame mounts a procedural rhetoric about the necessity of corruption in the global fast food business, and the overwhelming temptation of greed, which leads to more corruption. In order to succeed in the longterm, the player must use growth hormones, he must coerce banana republics, and he must mount PR and lobbying campaigns. â⠂¬ 8 The game makes a procedural argument about the inherent problems in the fast food industry, particularly the necessity of overstepping environmental and health-related boundaries. Critical Play – Mary Flanagan While Ian Bogost's procedural rhetoric explore the expressive processes in video games, Mary Flanagan examines the theories of critical play which considers how designing a play space in a 6 7 8 9 http://www. bogost. com/books/persuasive_games. shtml http://www. bogost. com/books/persuasive_games. shtml The Rhetoric of video games, Ian Bogost p. 127 The Rhetoric of video games, Ian Bogost p. 127 video game can be a kind of social activism. Definition of critical Play To Flanagan, critical play â€Å"means to create or occupy play environments and activities that represent one or more questions about aspects of human life,†10 and â€Å"is characterized by a careful examination of social, cultural, political, or even personal themes that function as alternates to popular play spaces. [†¦] Thus the goal in theorizing a critical game-design paradigm is as much about the creative person’s interest in critiquing the status quo as it is about using play for such a phase change†11. The connection that this process has with social activism is that the games that people play and how they play those games change in response to culture. The doll example A simple example of critical play in a natural setting is playing with dolls. They are often used to enforce gender roles and stereotypes, many young girls today and in the early days of the doll industry would use dolls to break down social roles. Violent fantasies, macabre funerals, and other forms of changing the way play worked with dolls provides a striking example of critical play in its natural form. 2 10 Critical Play: Radical game design, Mary Flanagan, p 6 11 Critical Play: Radical game design, Mary Flanagan, p 6 12 http://www. popmatters. com/pm/post/128966-mary-flanagans-critical-play Anti – advergames Ian Bogost is one of the founding fathers of anti- advergames and in his book Persuasive Games he describes how procedural rhetoric can be used to understand the problems in our culture. â€Å"Disa ffected! Does not purport to proceduralize a solution to Kinko's customer service or labour issues. But its procedural rhetoric of incompetence does underscore the problem of disaffection in contemporary culture, on both sides of the counter. We're dissatisfied or unwilling to support structures of authority, but we do scarcely little about it. We go to work at lousy jobs with poor benefits and ill treatment. We shrug off poor customer service and bad products, assuming that nothing can be done and ignoring the reasons why workers might feel disenfranchised in the first place. We take for granted that we can't reach people in authority. These problems extend far beyond copy stores. Disaffected has, like the McDonald’s video game, no solution to how we change the problem. The game attempts instead to inform and educate the users by using the procedural rhetoric, showing how the organisation/world through processes affect everyone. The question is, does anti – advergames really have the effekt that Bogost and other gamedesigners think it does? Its a question with more than one side. On one hand people do get a better understanding of the structure and the core of the message but how is that different form any other campaign? On the other hand we already know that Billion dollar companies may be a little rough around the edges and that morally the best thing (in a perfect world) would be to avoid the products and companies altogether. So why do we need anti – advergames to inform us about the dangers? The point is to create awareness. There arent any (easy) solution to the problems so the next best thing is to make people aware of how the system works so that we dont stand idly by. This does not mean that the anti- advergames are created in a belief that the user, by playing the video game, is fully enlightened on completion of the game. Often the player already has insight in how the system works as the people who aren't interested in the critique wont be interested in the game either. None the less designers like Ian Bogost and Paolo Pedercini (molleindustria. org) feel their work will have some effect. At the very least, they contend, players might start thinking about corporations in new ways. The games, Pedercini said, â€Å"can make people ask some questions, and for instance read a book or consider that there are a lot of motivations to change their lifestyles. â€Å"13 Brad Scott, director of digital branding at Landor Associates has an other opinion: â€Å"I don't know that they would have that negative effect on the brand,† Scott said. â€Å"You can almost use it as, ‘Boy, we've become such an icon as a brand that we're being mimicked by video games. † 14 I cant say which statement I think is correct but I think that advergames are a great way of advertising. There is an enormous amount of people who play video games, â€Å"according to the Interactive Digital Software Association, as many as 60% of Americans over age 6 play them. Putting that statistic together with the number of people using the internet, you have a phenomenal amount of people you ca n market to. â€Å"15 This great area of potential would of course be a great place for marketing, both commercial and non-commercial. It would be a waste not to utilize it especially if the people aren't as offended or as immune as to other of the more traditional methods of advertising. 13 http://www. molleindustria. org/node/149 14 http://www. molleindustria. org/node/149 15 http://advergamingtoday. blogspot. com/2006/02/just-product-placement. html 7 Digital Kultur Conclusion Advergames are becoming more and more popular as the availability to the internet increases. The video game is like any other media being used to the benefit of the marketing industry and why not? The anti – advergame movement with Ian Bogost criticise the marketing industry for being omnipresent and overpowering in its behaviour but is itself a game that has an agenda. Despite all, the anti – advergames are needed. The goal is not to come up with a solution, but to create awareness, and that is exactly what they do. We have an anti advertising forum in any other media, why not in the video games? 8 http://advergamingtoday. blogspot. com/2006/02/just-product-placement. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Advergaming http://www. molleindustria. rg/node/149 http://www. bogost. com/books/persuasive_games. shtml http://www. popmatters. com/pm/post/128966-mary-flanagans-critical-play http://www. molleindustria. org/node/149 Texts Ian Bogost, ‘The Rhetoric of video games, in The Ecology of Games: Connecting Youth, Games, and Learning, Cambridge, MIT Press, 2008 Ian Bogost, ‘Procedural Rhetoric' [extract], in Persuasive Games: The Expressive Power of Videoga mes, Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, 2007 Mary Flanagan, ‘Introduction to Critical Play', in Critical Play: Radical Game Design, Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press 2009 9

Alienation As The Reason For Berenger s Resistance

Differing from Kafka, Ionesco uses the theme of alienation as the reason for Berenger’s resistance, in Rhinoceros. Alcoholism is a major cause of his alienation, in Act Three, Berenger considers alcohol as the reason for his isolation and subsequent inability to transform. When conversing with Dudard, he says ‘[A]lcohol is good for epidemics. It immunizes you †¦ Jean never touched alcohol. He just pretended to. Maybe that’s why he†¦ perhaps that explains his attitude’ (Ionesco 1960: 76). This insinuates that Berenger understands why he does not transform into rhinoceros, identifying his own alienation. ‘Only his drinking serves to inoculate him from this epidemic and from the side effect of this epidemic, the powerful loneliness inherent in†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœIonesco blamed the world around him for giving him nightmares, thus suggesting that his fiction was inspired by reality. He went on to say that the very act of denounc ing the nightmare may free the world of them’ (Lupas 2014: 87). Berenger attempts to actively resist the nightmare of transforming, but fails, leaving him alone in a world of rhinoceros. Thus, Ionesco represents the rhinoceros as history’s ultimate nightmare. The relationship between Berenger and Jean is also important in highlighting the protagonist’s alienation. In the opening of the play, Berenger is described as ‘unshaven and hatless, with unkempt hair and creased clothes; everything about him indicates negligence’ (Ionesco 1960: 4). He is compared to the character of Jean, who arrives ‘very fastidiously dressed: brown suit, red tie, stiff collar, brown hat’ (4). Jean’s appearance sets him as a stereotypical man of the time, contrasting with Berenger, who is an untidy, alcoholic that cannot conform to social expectations. ‘From the outset we find little in Berenger s life that would appear to be worth defending’ (Danner 1979: 209). The absence of hope in Berenger, at the beginning, immediately alienates him from the rest of the characters. Ionesco’s emphasis on work as a duty to society runs throughout the play. ‘Berenger is consistently late for work at a publisher s shop. He resists the conformity of punching a time clock’ (Davies 2002: 646). Berenger’s apathy towards work is what makes himShow MoreRelatedMetamorphosis And Rhinoceros : Conformity Through The Representation Of Animals Essay1845 Words   |  8 Pagesanimals representing humans are crucial to the themes of alienation and resistance in these texts. Kafka uses animals to alienate Gregor from conforming to society. Arguably, the metamorphosis is the only way for Gregor to resist conforming, showing that Kafka represents animals as a physical rejection of conformist lifestyle. Comparably, Ionesco uses animals in the opposite way to Kafka. On one hand, he portrays Berenger’s alienation as a reason for resisting conformity. On the other, Ionesco explores